Psychological support for the patient with spinal cord injury
Keywords:
spinal cord injury, psychological support, rehabilitation, mental healthAbstract
Reality after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-long adjustment. Although much of the effort is focused on the motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunctions, SCI can have very serious psychosocial consequences on affected individuals. Research shows that many with sudden onset SCI will exhibit extreme negative emotions which impair psychological as well as social integration after injury. Also, people with SCI are at a higher risk of developing anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder among others, with psychological and social factors playing a major role in incidence and progression. The purpose of this study was to review the common psychosocial consequences for people after SCI and the current psychosocial challenges within the SCI population, as well as to provide considerations that promote quality of life from a biopsychosocial perspective. A review of the current literature was performed using the online Pubmed and Google Scholar databases and the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant analyses helped to derive conclusions that may benefit the psychological rehabilitation of SCI patients. Patients with robust psychological support seem to have better physical rehabilitation rates, less emotional and behavioral problems, less alcohol/drug abuse, higher rates of reintegration and engaging in meaningful activities and less suicide attempts.
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References
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2. Jeppsson Grassman E, Holme L, Taghizadeh Larsson A, Whitaker A. A long life with a particular signature: life course and aging for people with disabilities. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2012;55(2):95-111.
3. Gater DR. Neurogenic bowel and bladder evaluation strategies in spinal cord injury: New directions. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020;43(2):139-40.
4. Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977;196(4286):129-36.
5. Weber L, Voldsgaard NH, Holm NJ, Schou LH, Biering-Sorensen F, Moller T. Exploring the contextual transition from spinal cord injury rehabilitation to the home environment: a qualitative study. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(3):336-46.
6. Craig A, Tran Y, Guest R, Middleton J. Trajectories of Self-Efficacy and Depressed Mood and Their Relationship in the First 12 Months Following Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;100(3):441-7.
7. Budd MA, Gater DR, Jr., Channell I. Psychosocial Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med. 2022;12(7).
8. Eller OC, Willits AB, Young EE, Baumbauer KM. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions for the treatment of spinal cord injury-induced pain. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022;3:991736.
9. Kennedy P, Duff J, Evans M, Beedie A. Coping effectiveness training reduces depression and anxiety following traumatic spinal cord injuries. Br J Clin Psychol. 2003;42(Pt 1):41-52.
10. Kennedy P, Evans MJ. Evaluation of post traumatic distress in the first 6 months following SCI. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(7):381-6.
11. Galvin LR, Godfrey HP. The impact of coping on emotional adjustment to spinal cord injury (SCI): review of the literature and application of a stress appraisal and coping formulation. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(12):615-27.
12. Kennedy P, Rogers BA. Anxiety and depression after spinal cord injury: a longitudinal analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(7):932-7.
13. Post MW, van Leeuwen CM. Psychosocial issues in spinal cord injury: a review. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(5):382-9.
14. Bonanno GA, Kennedy P, Galatzer-Levy IR, Lude P, Elfstrom ML. Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2012;57(3):236-47.
15. van Leeuwen CM, Post MW, van der Woude LH, de Groot S, Smit C, van Kuppevelt D, et al. Changes in life satisfaction in persons with spinal cord injury during and after inpatient rehabilitation: adaptation or measurement bias? Qual Life Res. 2012;21(9):1499-508.
16. Giannini MJ, Bergmark B, Kreshover S, Elias E, Plummer C, O’Keefe E. Understanding suicide and disability through three major disabling conditions: Intellectual disability, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis. Disabil Health J. 2010;3(2):74-8.
17. Lusilla-Palacios P, Castellano-Tejedor C. Spinal cord injury and substance use: a systematic review. Adicciones. 2015;27(4):294-310.
18. Bombardier CH, Azuero CB, Fann JR, Kautz DD, Richards JS, Sabharwal S. Management of Mental Health Disorders, Substance Use Disorders, and Suicide in Adults with Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical Practice Guideline for Healthcare Providers. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2021;27(2):152-224.
19. McDonald SD, Mickens MN, Goldberg-Looney LD, Mutchler BJ, Ellwood MS, Castillo TA. Mental disorder prevalence among U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients with spinal cord injuries. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41(6):691-702.
20. Ullrich PM, Smith BM, Blow FC, Valenstein M, Weaver FM. Depression, healthcare utilization, and comorbid psychiatric disorders after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(1):40-5.
21. The Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Psychology. Kennedy P, editor: Oxford University Press; 2012 21 Nov 2012.
22. Budd MA, Haque OS, Stein MA. Biases in the evaluation of self-harm in patients with disability due to spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2020;6(1):43.
23. Nosek BA, Smyth FL, Hansen JJ, Devos T, Lindner NM, Ranganath KA, et al. Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. European Review of Social Psychology. 2007;18(1):36-88.
24. Tyrrell AC, Hetz SP, Barg CJ, Latimer AE. Exercise as stigma management for individuals with onset-controllable and onset-uncontrollable spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2010;55(4):383-90.
25. Monden KR, Philippus A, MacIntyre B, Welch A, Sevigny M, Draganich C, et al. The impact of stigma on psychosocial outcomes following spinal cord injury: A cross-sectional analysis of stigma-mediated relationships. Rehabil Psychol. 2021;66(2):202-12.
26. Manns PJ, Chad KE. Components of quality of life for persons with a quadriplegic and paraplegic spinal cord injury. Qual Health Res. 2001;11(6):795-811.
27. Link B, Phelan JC. Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology. 2001;27:363-85.
28. Link BG, Phelan JC. Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology. 2001;27(1):363-85.
29. Jörgensen S, Hedgren L, Sundelin A, Lexell J. Global and domain-specific life satisfaction among older adults with long-term spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2021;44(2):322-30.
30. Charlifue SB, Botticello A, Kolakowsky-Hayner SA, Richards JS, Tulsky DS. Family caregivers of individuals with spinal cord injury: exploring the stresses and benefits. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(9):732-6.
31. Engblom-Deglmann ML, Hamilton J. The Impact of Spinal Cord Injury on the Couple Relationship: A Grounded Theory Exploration of the Adjustment Process. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy. 2020;19(3):250-75.
32. Tough H, Gross-Hemmi M, Eriks-Hoogland I, Fekete C. Pathways to loneliness: a mediation analysis investigating the social gradient of loneliness in persons with disabilities in Switzerland. Int J Equity Health. 2021;20(1):261.
33. DeSanto-Madeya S. Adaptation to spinal cord injury for families post-injury. Nurs Sci Q. 2009;22(1):57-66.
34. Jeyathevan G, Cameron JI, Craven BC, Munce SEP, Jaglal SB. Re-building relationships after a spinal cord injury: experiences of family caregivers and care recipients. BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):117.
35. Chan RC. How does spinal cord injury affect marital relationship? A story from both sides of the couple. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22(17):764-75.
36. Burkhart L, Kale IO, LaVela SL. Grief and Loss Among Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury: A Qualitative Study. Rehabil Nurs. 2021;46(5):270-8.
37. Pollard C, Kennedy P. A longitudinal analysis of emotional impact, coping strategies and post-traumatic psychological growth following spinal cord injury: a 10-year review. Br J Health Psychol. 2007;12(Pt 3):347-62.
38. Robinson-Whelen S, Taylor HB, Hughes RB, Wenzel L, Nosek MA. Depression and depression treatment in women with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2014;20(1):23-31.
39. Federici S, Artegiani F, Pigliautile M, Antonelli P, Diotallevi D, Ritacco I, et al. Enhancing Psychological Sexual Health of People With Spinal Cord Injury and Their Partners in an Italian Unipolar Spinal Unit: A Pilot Data Study. Front Psychol. 2019;10:754.
40. Kalpakjian CZ, Quint EH, Bushnik T, Rodriguez GM, Terrill MS. Menopause characteristics and subjective symptoms in women with and without spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(4):562-9.
41. Bauman WA, La Fountaine MF, Spungen AM. Age-related prevalence of low testosterone in men with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(1):32-9.
42. Merghati Khoi E, Latifi S, Rahdari F, Shakeri H, Arman F, Koushki D, et al. The Effect of Injury-Related Characteristics on Changes in Marital Status after Spinal Cord Injury. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44(10):1395-402.
43. Ottomanelli L, Lind L. Review of critical factors related to employment after spinal cord injury: implications for research and vocational services. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32(5):503-31.
44. Wilbanks SR, Ivankova NV. Exploring factors facilitating adults with spinal cord injury rejoining the workforce: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(9):739-49.
45. Goetz LL, Ottomanelli L, Barnett SD, Sutton B, Njoh E. Relationship Between Comorbidities and Employment Among Veterans with Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2018;24(1):44-53.
46. Khazaeipour Z, Norouzi-Javidan A, Kaveh M, Khanzadeh Mehrabani F, Kazazi E, Emami-Razavi SH. Psychosocial outcomes following spinal cord injury in Iran. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(3):338-45.
47. Hearn JH, Rohn EJ, Monden KR. Isolated and anxious: A qualitative exploration of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals living with spinal cord injury in the UK. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022;45(5):691-9.
48. Hossain MA, Hossain KMA, Sakel M, Kabir MF, Saunders K, Faruqui R, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, Behavioural Practises, and Psychological Impact Relating to COVID-19 Among People Living With Spinal Cord Injury During In-Patient Rehabilitation in Bangladesh. Front Neurol. 2021;12:739354.
49. Bhattarai M, Limbu S, Sherpa PD. Living with spinal cord injury during COVID-19: a qualitative study of impacts of the pandemic in Nepal. Spinal Cord. 2022;60(11):984-9.
50. Smyth C, Spada MM, Coultry-Keane K, Ikkos G. The Stanmore Nursing Assessment of Psychological Status: Understanding the emotions of patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39(5):519-26.
51. Modi AC, Pai AL, Hommel KA, Hood KK, Cortina S, Hilliard ME, et al. Pediatric self-management: a framework for research, practice, and policy. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):e473-85.
52. McIntyre A, Marrocco SL, McRae SA, Sleeth L, Hitzig S, Jaglal S, et al. A Scoping Review of Self-Management Interventions Following Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2020;26(1):36-63.
53. Khazaeipour Z, Abouie A, Zarei F, Mirzaaghaie H, Abd-Mousavi A, Salehi-Nejad A, et al. Personal, family and societal educational needs assessment of individuals with spinal cord injury in Iran. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2018;23(3):216-22.
54. Sandalic D, Arora M, Pozzato I, Simpson G, Middleton J, Craig A. A Narrative Review of Research on Adjustment to Spinal Cord Injury and Mental Health: Gaps, Future Directions, and Practice Recommendations. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2022;15:1997-2010.
55. Warren AM, Reynolds M, Driver S, Bennett M, Sikka S. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Spinal Cord Injury Patients in Trauma: A Brief Report. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2016;22(3):203-8.
56. Munce SE, Straus SE, Fehlings MG, Voth J, Nugaeva N, Jang E, et al. Impact of psychological characteristics in self-management in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(1):29-33.
57. Waters SJ, McKee DC, Keefe FJ. Cognitive behavioral approaches to the treatment of pain. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2007;40(4):74-88.
58. Perry KN, Nicholas MK, Middleton JW. Comparison of a pain management program with usual care in a pain management center for people with spinal cord injury-related chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(3):206-16.
59. Norrbrink Budh C, Kowalski J, Lundeberg T. A comprehensive pain management programme comprising educational, cognitive and behavioural interventions for neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38(3):172-80.
60. Craig AR, Hancock K, Chang E, Dickson H. Immunizing against depression and anxiety after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(4):375-7.
61. Burns AS, Delparte JJ, Ballantyne EC, Boschen KA. Evaluation of an interdisciplinary program for chronic pain after spinal cord injury. PM R. 2013;5(10):832-8.
62. Heutink M, Post MWM, Bongers-Janssen HMH, Dijkstra CA, Snoek GJ, Spijkerman DCM, et al. The CONECSI trial: results of a randomized controlled trial of a multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral program for coping with chronic neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Pain. 2012;153(1):120-8.
63. Hearn JH, Cross A. Mindfulness for pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1):32.
64. Zanca JM, Gilchrist C, Ortiz CE, Dyson-Hudson TA. Pilot clinical trial of a clinical meditation and imagery intervention for chronic pain after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022;45(3):339-53.
65. Chalageri E, Vishwakarma G, Ranjan RL, Govindaraj R, Chhabra HS. Effect of Raja yoga Meditation on Psychological and Functional Outcomes in Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Int J Yoga. 2021;14(1):36-42.
66. Musleh-Vega S, Ojeda J, Vidal PM. Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis as a Potential Modulator of Psychological Stress after Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines. 2022;10(4).
67. Rattanasuk D, Khuwatsamrit K. Causal Model of Psychological Empowerment Among People With Spinal Cord Injury in Thailand. Orthop Nurs. 2021;40(3):136-43.
68. Krause JS, Cao Y, DiPiro N. Psychological factors and risk of mortality after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020;43(5):667-75.
69. Myaskovsky L, Gao S, Hausmann LRM, Bornemann KR, Burkitt KH, Switzer GE, et al. How Are Race, Cultural, and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Outcomes in Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(9):1812-20 e3.
2. Jeppsson Grassman E, Holme L, Taghizadeh Larsson A, Whitaker A. A long life with a particular signature: life course and aging for people with disabilities. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2012;55(2):95-111.
3. Gater DR. Neurogenic bowel and bladder evaluation strategies in spinal cord injury: New directions. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020;43(2):139-40.
4. Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977;196(4286):129-36.
5. Weber L, Voldsgaard NH, Holm NJ, Schou LH, Biering-Sorensen F, Moller T. Exploring the contextual transition from spinal cord injury rehabilitation to the home environment: a qualitative study. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(3):336-46.
6. Craig A, Tran Y, Guest R, Middleton J. Trajectories of Self-Efficacy and Depressed Mood and Their Relationship in the First 12 Months Following Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;100(3):441-7.
7. Budd MA, Gater DR, Jr., Channell I. Psychosocial Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med. 2022;12(7).
8. Eller OC, Willits AB, Young EE, Baumbauer KM. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions for the treatment of spinal cord injury-induced pain. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022;3:991736.
9. Kennedy P, Duff J, Evans M, Beedie A. Coping effectiveness training reduces depression and anxiety following traumatic spinal cord injuries. Br J Clin Psychol. 2003;42(Pt 1):41-52.
10. Kennedy P, Evans MJ. Evaluation of post traumatic distress in the first 6 months following SCI. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(7):381-6.
11. Galvin LR, Godfrey HP. The impact of coping on emotional adjustment to spinal cord injury (SCI): review of the literature and application of a stress appraisal and coping formulation. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(12):615-27.
12. Kennedy P, Rogers BA. Anxiety and depression after spinal cord injury: a longitudinal analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(7):932-7.
13. Post MW, van Leeuwen CM. Psychosocial issues in spinal cord injury: a review. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(5):382-9.
14. Bonanno GA, Kennedy P, Galatzer-Levy IR, Lude P, Elfstrom ML. Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2012;57(3):236-47.
15. van Leeuwen CM, Post MW, van der Woude LH, de Groot S, Smit C, van Kuppevelt D, et al. Changes in life satisfaction in persons with spinal cord injury during and after inpatient rehabilitation: adaptation or measurement bias? Qual Life Res. 2012;21(9):1499-508.
16. Giannini MJ, Bergmark B, Kreshover S, Elias E, Plummer C, O’Keefe E. Understanding suicide and disability through three major disabling conditions: Intellectual disability, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis. Disabil Health J. 2010;3(2):74-8.
17. Lusilla-Palacios P, Castellano-Tejedor C. Spinal cord injury and substance use: a systematic review. Adicciones. 2015;27(4):294-310.
18. Bombardier CH, Azuero CB, Fann JR, Kautz DD, Richards JS, Sabharwal S. Management of Mental Health Disorders, Substance Use Disorders, and Suicide in Adults with Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical Practice Guideline for Healthcare Providers. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2021;27(2):152-224.
19. McDonald SD, Mickens MN, Goldberg-Looney LD, Mutchler BJ, Ellwood MS, Castillo TA. Mental disorder prevalence among U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients with spinal cord injuries. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41(6):691-702.
20. Ullrich PM, Smith BM, Blow FC, Valenstein M, Weaver FM. Depression, healthcare utilization, and comorbid psychiatric disorders after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(1):40-5.
21. The Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Psychology. Kennedy P, editor: Oxford University Press; 2012 21 Nov 2012.
22. Budd MA, Haque OS, Stein MA. Biases in the evaluation of self-harm in patients with disability due to spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2020;6(1):43.
23. Nosek BA, Smyth FL, Hansen JJ, Devos T, Lindner NM, Ranganath KA, et al. Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. European Review of Social Psychology. 2007;18(1):36-88.
24. Tyrrell AC, Hetz SP, Barg CJ, Latimer AE. Exercise as stigma management for individuals with onset-controllable and onset-uncontrollable spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2010;55(4):383-90.
25. Monden KR, Philippus A, MacIntyre B, Welch A, Sevigny M, Draganich C, et al. The impact of stigma on psychosocial outcomes following spinal cord injury: A cross-sectional analysis of stigma-mediated relationships. Rehabil Psychol. 2021;66(2):202-12.
26. Manns PJ, Chad KE. Components of quality of life for persons with a quadriplegic and paraplegic spinal cord injury. Qual Health Res. 2001;11(6):795-811.
27. Link B, Phelan JC. Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology. 2001;27:363-85.
28. Link BG, Phelan JC. Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology. 2001;27(1):363-85.
29. Jörgensen S, Hedgren L, Sundelin A, Lexell J. Global and domain-specific life satisfaction among older adults with long-term spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2021;44(2):322-30.
30. Charlifue SB, Botticello A, Kolakowsky-Hayner SA, Richards JS, Tulsky DS. Family caregivers of individuals with spinal cord injury: exploring the stresses and benefits. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(9):732-6.
31. Engblom-Deglmann ML, Hamilton J. The Impact of Spinal Cord Injury on the Couple Relationship: A Grounded Theory Exploration of the Adjustment Process. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy. 2020;19(3):250-75.
32. Tough H, Gross-Hemmi M, Eriks-Hoogland I, Fekete C. Pathways to loneliness: a mediation analysis investigating the social gradient of loneliness in persons with disabilities in Switzerland. Int J Equity Health. 2021;20(1):261.
33. DeSanto-Madeya S. Adaptation to spinal cord injury for families post-injury. Nurs Sci Q. 2009;22(1):57-66.
34. Jeyathevan G, Cameron JI, Craven BC, Munce SEP, Jaglal SB. Re-building relationships after a spinal cord injury: experiences of family caregivers and care recipients. BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):117.
35. Chan RC. How does spinal cord injury affect marital relationship? A story from both sides of the couple. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22(17):764-75.
36. Burkhart L, Kale IO, LaVela SL. Grief and Loss Among Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury: A Qualitative Study. Rehabil Nurs. 2021;46(5):270-8.
37. Pollard C, Kennedy P. A longitudinal analysis of emotional impact, coping strategies and post-traumatic psychological growth following spinal cord injury: a 10-year review. Br J Health Psychol. 2007;12(Pt 3):347-62.
38. Robinson-Whelen S, Taylor HB, Hughes RB, Wenzel L, Nosek MA. Depression and depression treatment in women with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2014;20(1):23-31.
39. Federici S, Artegiani F, Pigliautile M, Antonelli P, Diotallevi D, Ritacco I, et al. Enhancing Psychological Sexual Health of People With Spinal Cord Injury and Their Partners in an Italian Unipolar Spinal Unit: A Pilot Data Study. Front Psychol. 2019;10:754.
40. Kalpakjian CZ, Quint EH, Bushnik T, Rodriguez GM, Terrill MS. Menopause characteristics and subjective symptoms in women with and without spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(4):562-9.
41. Bauman WA, La Fountaine MF, Spungen AM. Age-related prevalence of low testosterone in men with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(1):32-9.
42. Merghati Khoi E, Latifi S, Rahdari F, Shakeri H, Arman F, Koushki D, et al. The Effect of Injury-Related Characteristics on Changes in Marital Status after Spinal Cord Injury. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44(10):1395-402.
43. Ottomanelli L, Lind L. Review of critical factors related to employment after spinal cord injury: implications for research and vocational services. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32(5):503-31.
44. Wilbanks SR, Ivankova NV. Exploring factors facilitating adults with spinal cord injury rejoining the workforce: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(9):739-49.
45. Goetz LL, Ottomanelli L, Barnett SD, Sutton B, Njoh E. Relationship Between Comorbidities and Employment Among Veterans with Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2018;24(1):44-53.
46. Khazaeipour Z, Norouzi-Javidan A, Kaveh M, Khanzadeh Mehrabani F, Kazazi E, Emami-Razavi SH. Psychosocial outcomes following spinal cord injury in Iran. J Spinal Cord Med. 2014;37(3):338-45.
47. Hearn JH, Rohn EJ, Monden KR. Isolated and anxious: A qualitative exploration of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals living with spinal cord injury in the UK. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022;45(5):691-9.
48. Hossain MA, Hossain KMA, Sakel M, Kabir MF, Saunders K, Faruqui R, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, Behavioural Practises, and Psychological Impact Relating to COVID-19 Among People Living With Spinal Cord Injury During In-Patient Rehabilitation in Bangladesh. Front Neurol. 2021;12:739354.
49. Bhattarai M, Limbu S, Sherpa PD. Living with spinal cord injury during COVID-19: a qualitative study of impacts of the pandemic in Nepal. Spinal Cord. 2022;60(11):984-9.
50. Smyth C, Spada MM, Coultry-Keane K, Ikkos G. The Stanmore Nursing Assessment of Psychological Status: Understanding the emotions of patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39(5):519-26.
51. Modi AC, Pai AL, Hommel KA, Hood KK, Cortina S, Hilliard ME, et al. Pediatric self-management: a framework for research, practice, and policy. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):e473-85.
52. McIntyre A, Marrocco SL, McRae SA, Sleeth L, Hitzig S, Jaglal S, et al. A Scoping Review of Self-Management Interventions Following Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2020;26(1):36-63.
53. Khazaeipour Z, Abouie A, Zarei F, Mirzaaghaie H, Abd-Mousavi A, Salehi-Nejad A, et al. Personal, family and societal educational needs assessment of individuals with spinal cord injury in Iran. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2018;23(3):216-22.
54. Sandalic D, Arora M, Pozzato I, Simpson G, Middleton J, Craig A. A Narrative Review of Research on Adjustment to Spinal Cord Injury and Mental Health: Gaps, Future Directions, and Practice Recommendations. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2022;15:1997-2010.
55. Warren AM, Reynolds M, Driver S, Bennett M, Sikka S. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Spinal Cord Injury Patients in Trauma: A Brief Report. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2016;22(3):203-8.
56. Munce SE, Straus SE, Fehlings MG, Voth J, Nugaeva N, Jang E, et al. Impact of psychological characteristics in self-management in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(1):29-33.
57. Waters SJ, McKee DC, Keefe FJ. Cognitive behavioral approaches to the treatment of pain. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2007;40(4):74-88.
58. Perry KN, Nicholas MK, Middleton JW. Comparison of a pain management program with usual care in a pain management center for people with spinal cord injury-related chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(3):206-16.
59. Norrbrink Budh C, Kowalski J, Lundeberg T. A comprehensive pain management programme comprising educational, cognitive and behavioural interventions for neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38(3):172-80.
60. Craig AR, Hancock K, Chang E, Dickson H. Immunizing against depression and anxiety after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(4):375-7.
61. Burns AS, Delparte JJ, Ballantyne EC, Boschen KA. Evaluation of an interdisciplinary program for chronic pain after spinal cord injury. PM R. 2013;5(10):832-8.
62. Heutink M, Post MWM, Bongers-Janssen HMH, Dijkstra CA, Snoek GJ, Spijkerman DCM, et al. The CONECSI trial: results of a randomized controlled trial of a multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral program for coping with chronic neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Pain. 2012;153(1):120-8.
63. Hearn JH, Cross A. Mindfulness for pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1):32.
64. Zanca JM, Gilchrist C, Ortiz CE, Dyson-Hudson TA. Pilot clinical trial of a clinical meditation and imagery intervention for chronic pain after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2022;45(3):339-53.
65. Chalageri E, Vishwakarma G, Ranjan RL, Govindaraj R, Chhabra HS. Effect of Raja yoga Meditation on Psychological and Functional Outcomes in Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Int J Yoga. 2021;14(1):36-42.
66. Musleh-Vega S, Ojeda J, Vidal PM. Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis as a Potential Modulator of Psychological Stress after Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines. 2022;10(4).
67. Rattanasuk D, Khuwatsamrit K. Causal Model of Psychological Empowerment Among People With Spinal Cord Injury in Thailand. Orthop Nurs. 2021;40(3):136-43.
68. Krause JS, Cao Y, DiPiro N. Psychological factors and risk of mortality after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020;43(5):667-75.
69. Myaskovsky L, Gao S, Hausmann LRM, Bornemann KR, Burkitt KH, Switzer GE, et al. How Are Race, Cultural, and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Outcomes in Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(9):1812-20 e3.
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2024-06-25
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