The Role of Physiotherapy in the Management of Whiplash Injury: A Narrative Review
Keywords:
whiplash, whiplash injury, whiplash-associated disorders (WAD), physiotherapy, managementAbstract
Many people in the developed countries have experienced a whiplash injury, in which their cervical spine followed a rapid force of acceleration-deceleration in their neck, in a small or a greater scale, mostly as a result of a vehicle injury. Whiplash associated disorders (WAD) is the term that is used to describe injuries which sustained as a result of these sudden acceleration-deceleration movements. This term also refers to the presence of a total of symptoms that a patient can experience after a whiplash injury such as pain, headache, stiffness and dizziness. As a result, these injuries have many effects and costs in a patient’s daily and work life, work ability and psychology, making it necessary to find treatments that can relieve them. The published reviews have shown the importance of including the therapeutic exercises in a rehabilitation programme aiming to the reduction of those symptoms. Many reviews and researches have been published referring to different therapeutic methods in a whiplash injury, so it is important to discover the appropriate physiotherapy methods for the management of the whiplash injury’s symptomatology. This review is about investigate the role of physiotherapy methods to treat the short-term and long-term symptoms of the whiplash injury.
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References
1. Ardern CL, Peterson G, Ludvigsson ML, et al. Satisfaction with the Outcome of Physical Therapist-Prescribed Exercise in Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46(8):640-9
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3. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Widh S, et al. Exercise, headache, and factors associated with headache in chronic whiplash: Analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(48):e18130.
4. Campbell L, Kenardy J, Andersen T, et al. Trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy and exercise for chronic whiplash: protocol of a randomised, controlled trial. J Physiother. 2015 ;61(4):218
5. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, O’Leary S, et al. The effect of neck-specific exercise with, or without a behavioral approach, on pain, disability and self-efficacy in chronic whiplash-associated disorders: a randomized clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2015;31(4):294-303
6. Hansson EE, Persson L, Malmstrom EM.J. Influence of vestibular rehabilitation on neck pain and cervical range of motion among patients with whiplash-associated disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med. 2013;45(9):906-10.
7. Jull G, Kenardy J, Hendrikz J et al. Management of acute whiplash: a randomized controlled trial of multidisciplinary stratified treatments. Pain. 2013;154(9):1798-806
8. Ludvigsson M.L, Peterson G, Peolsson A. Neck-specific exercise may reduce radiating pain and signs of neurological deficits in chronic whiplash - Analyses of a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):12409.
9. Castaldo M, Catena A, Chiarotto A, et al. Do Subjects with Whiplash-Associated Disorders Respond Differently in the Short-Term to Manual Therapy and Exercise than Those with Mechanical Neck Pain?. Pain Med. 2017;18(4):791-803
10. Seferiadis A, Ohlin P, Billhult A, et al. Basic body awareness therapy or exercise therapy for the treatment of chronic whiplash associated disorders: a randomized comparative clinical trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(5):442-51
11. Tobbackx Y, Meeus M, Wauters L, et al. Does acupuncture activate endogenous analgesia in chronic whiplash-associated disorders? A randomized crossover trial. Eur J Pain. 2013;17(2):279-89.
12. Sterling M, Vicenzino B, Souvlis T, et al. Dry-needling and exercise for chronic whiplash-associated disorders: a randomized single-blind placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2015;156(4):635-43.
13. Åsenlöf P, Bring A, Söderlund A. The clinical course over the first year of whiplash associated disorders (WAD): pain-related disability predicts outcome in a mildly affected sample. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:361.
14. Sterling M, Smeets R, Keijzers G, et al. Physiotherapist delivered stress inoculation training integrated with exercise versus physiotherapy exercise alone for acute whiplash-associated disorder (StressModex): a randomised controlled trial of a combined psychological/physical intervention. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(19):1240-47.
15. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Dedering Ε, et al. Factors associated with pain and disability reduction following exercise interventions in chronic whiplash. Eur J Pain. 2016;20(2):307-15
16. Wiangkham T, Duda J, Haque MS, et al. A cluster randomised, double-blind pilot and feasibility trial of an active behavioural physiotherapy intervention for acute whiplash-associated disorder (WAD)II. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0215803.
17. Lamb SE, Gates S, Williams MA. Emergency department treatments and physiotherapy for acute whiplash: a pragmatic, two-step, randomised controlled trial; Managing Injuries of the Neck Trial (MINT). Lancet. 2013;381(9866):546-56.
18. Lo HK, Johnston V, Landιn Ludvigsson M, et al. Factors associated with work ability following exercise interventions for people with chronic whiplash-associated disorders: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med. 2018;50(9):828-36.
19. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Peolsson A. The effect of three exercise approaches on health-related quality of life, and factors associated with its improvement in chronic whiplash-associated disorders: analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Qual Life Res. 2019;28(2):357-368.
20. Peolsson A, Landιn Ludvigsson M, Tigerfors AM, et al. Effects of Neck-Specific Exercises Compared to Waiting List for Individuals with Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(2):189-95
21. Treleaven J, Peterson G, Ludvigsson ML, et al. Balance, dizziness and proprioception in patients with chronic whiplash associated disorders complaining of dizziness: A prospective randomized study comparing three exercise programs. Man Ther. 2016;22:122-30
22. Peterson GE, Landιn Ludvigsson MH, O’Leary SP, et al. The effect of 3 different exercise approaches on neck muscle endurance, kinesiophobia, exercise compliance, and patient satisfaction in chronic whiplash. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2015;38(7):465-476.e4.
23. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Peolsson A. Neck-specific exercise for radiating pain and neurological deficits in chronic whiplash, a 1-year follow-up of a randomised clinical trial. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):6758.
24. Peterson G, Landιn Ludvigsson M, Peolsson AE. Neck-related function and its connection with disability in chronic whiplash-associated disorders: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2021;57(4):607-19.
25. Peterson G, Nilsson D, Trygg J, et al. Neck-specific exercise improves impaired interactions between ventral neck muscles in chronic whiplash: A randomized controlled ultrasound study. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):9649
26. Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, Lin CW, et al. Comprehensive physiotherapy exercise programme or advice for chronic whiplash (PROMISE): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Jul 12;384(9938):133-41.
27. Ritchie C, Kenardy J, Smeets R, et al. StressModEx—Physiotherapist-led Stress Inoculation Training integrated with exercise for acute whiplash injury: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. J Physiother. 2015;61(3):157
28. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Dedering Ε, et al. One- and two-year followup of a randomized trial of neck-specific exercise with or without a behavioural approach compared with prescription of physical activity in chronic whiplash disorder. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(1):56-64.
29. Ruiz-Molinero C, Jimenez-Rejano JJ, Chillon-Martinez R, et al. Efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound in pain and joint mobility in whiplash traumatic acute and subacute phases. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2014;40(9):2089-95
2. Garcνa NJ, Barroso RS, Loro Ferrer JF, et al. A novel approach in the treatment of acute whiplash syndrome:Ultrasound-guided needle percutaneous electrolysis. A randomized controlled trial. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2017;103(8):1229-34.
3. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Widh S, et al. Exercise, headache, and factors associated with headache in chronic whiplash: Analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(48):e18130.
4. Campbell L, Kenardy J, Andersen T, et al. Trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy and exercise for chronic whiplash: protocol of a randomised, controlled trial. J Physiother. 2015 ;61(4):218
5. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, O’Leary S, et al. The effect of neck-specific exercise with, or without a behavioral approach, on pain, disability and self-efficacy in chronic whiplash-associated disorders: a randomized clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2015;31(4):294-303
6. Hansson EE, Persson L, Malmstrom EM.J. Influence of vestibular rehabilitation on neck pain and cervical range of motion among patients with whiplash-associated disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med. 2013;45(9):906-10.
7. Jull G, Kenardy J, Hendrikz J et al. Management of acute whiplash: a randomized controlled trial of multidisciplinary stratified treatments. Pain. 2013;154(9):1798-806
8. Ludvigsson M.L, Peterson G, Peolsson A. Neck-specific exercise may reduce radiating pain and signs of neurological deficits in chronic whiplash - Analyses of a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):12409.
9. Castaldo M, Catena A, Chiarotto A, et al. Do Subjects with Whiplash-Associated Disorders Respond Differently in the Short-Term to Manual Therapy and Exercise than Those with Mechanical Neck Pain?. Pain Med. 2017;18(4):791-803
10. Seferiadis A, Ohlin P, Billhult A, et al. Basic body awareness therapy or exercise therapy for the treatment of chronic whiplash associated disorders: a randomized comparative clinical trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(5):442-51
11. Tobbackx Y, Meeus M, Wauters L, et al. Does acupuncture activate endogenous analgesia in chronic whiplash-associated disorders? A randomized crossover trial. Eur J Pain. 2013;17(2):279-89.
12. Sterling M, Vicenzino B, Souvlis T, et al. Dry-needling and exercise for chronic whiplash-associated disorders: a randomized single-blind placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2015;156(4):635-43.
13. Åsenlöf P, Bring A, Söderlund A. The clinical course over the first year of whiplash associated disorders (WAD): pain-related disability predicts outcome in a mildly affected sample. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:361.
14. Sterling M, Smeets R, Keijzers G, et al. Physiotherapist delivered stress inoculation training integrated with exercise versus physiotherapy exercise alone for acute whiplash-associated disorder (StressModex): a randomised controlled trial of a combined psychological/physical intervention. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(19):1240-47.
15. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Dedering Ε, et al. Factors associated with pain and disability reduction following exercise interventions in chronic whiplash. Eur J Pain. 2016;20(2):307-15
16. Wiangkham T, Duda J, Haque MS, et al. A cluster randomised, double-blind pilot and feasibility trial of an active behavioural physiotherapy intervention for acute whiplash-associated disorder (WAD)II. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0215803.
17. Lamb SE, Gates S, Williams MA. Emergency department treatments and physiotherapy for acute whiplash: a pragmatic, two-step, randomised controlled trial; Managing Injuries of the Neck Trial (MINT). Lancet. 2013;381(9866):546-56.
18. Lo HK, Johnston V, Landιn Ludvigsson M, et al. Factors associated with work ability following exercise interventions for people with chronic whiplash-associated disorders: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med. 2018;50(9):828-36.
19. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Peolsson A. The effect of three exercise approaches on health-related quality of life, and factors associated with its improvement in chronic whiplash-associated disorders: analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Qual Life Res. 2019;28(2):357-368.
20. Peolsson A, Landιn Ludvigsson M, Tigerfors AM, et al. Effects of Neck-Specific Exercises Compared to Waiting List for Individuals with Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(2):189-95
21. Treleaven J, Peterson G, Ludvigsson ML, et al. Balance, dizziness and proprioception in patients with chronic whiplash associated disorders complaining of dizziness: A prospective randomized study comparing three exercise programs. Man Ther. 2016;22:122-30
22. Peterson GE, Landιn Ludvigsson MH, O’Leary SP, et al. The effect of 3 different exercise approaches on neck muscle endurance, kinesiophobia, exercise compliance, and patient satisfaction in chronic whiplash. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2015;38(7):465-476.e4.
23. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Peolsson A. Neck-specific exercise for radiating pain and neurological deficits in chronic whiplash, a 1-year follow-up of a randomised clinical trial. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):6758.
24. Peterson G, Landιn Ludvigsson M, Peolsson AE. Neck-related function and its connection with disability in chronic whiplash-associated disorders: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2021;57(4):607-19.
25. Peterson G, Nilsson D, Trygg J, et al. Neck-specific exercise improves impaired interactions between ventral neck muscles in chronic whiplash: A randomized controlled ultrasound study. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):9649
26. Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, Lin CW, et al. Comprehensive physiotherapy exercise programme or advice for chronic whiplash (PROMISE): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Jul 12;384(9938):133-41.
27. Ritchie C, Kenardy J, Smeets R, et al. StressModEx—Physiotherapist-led Stress Inoculation Training integrated with exercise for acute whiplash injury: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. J Physiother. 2015;61(3):157
28. Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, Dedering Ε, et al. One- and two-year followup of a randomized trial of neck-specific exercise with or without a behavioural approach compared with prescription of physical activity in chronic whiplash disorder. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(1):56-64.
29. Ruiz-Molinero C, Jimenez-Rejano JJ, Chillon-Martinez R, et al. Efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound in pain and joint mobility in whiplash traumatic acute and subacute phases. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2014;40(9):2089-95
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2023-12-28
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