Pain and depression in patients with spinal cord injuries
Keywords:
SCI, depression, painAbstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes many health-related problems and affects not only patient’s physical condition but also other aspects of his life, such as mood and quality of life.
Chronic pain is a common and important complication seen in patients with SCI. As pain is known to affect various activities of the individual, such as recreational and occupational status, sleep quality and sexuality, pain seems to play an important role in quality of life, mood and rehabilitation. In addition, chronic pain and psychological disorders are closely linked, affecting the physical and psychosocial function of the patient. Similarly, various studies have shown that a significant proportion of patients with SCI suffer from depression while at the same time it has been shown that chronic pain is associated with depressive symptoms in these patients.
The purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review concerning the relationship between pain and depression in patients with SCI. From the 27 studies included in this paper, we can safely conclude that pain and depression are strongly connected although the nature of this connection is still to be clarified.
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References
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5. TATE, Denise G., FORCHHEIMER, Martin B., KARANA-ZEBARI, Dunia, CHIODO, Anthony E. and KENDALL THOMAS, Jennifer Young. Depression and pain among inpatients with spinal cord injury and spinal cord disease: differences in symptoms and neurological function. Disability and Rehabilitation. 17 July 2013. Vol. 35, no. 14, p. 1204–1212. DOI 10.3109/09638288.2012.726692.
6. DIJKERS, Marcel, BRYCE, Thomas and ZANCA, Jeanne. Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2009. Vol. 46, no. 1, p. 13. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2008.04.0053.
7. PERRY, Kathryn Nicholson, NICHOLAS, Michael K. and MIDDLETON, James. Spinal cord injury-related pain in rehabilitation: A cross-sectional study of relationships with cognitions, mood and physical function. European Journal of Pain. May 2009. Vol. 13, no. 5, p. 511–517. DOI 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.06.003.
8. HADJIPAVLOU, G, CORTESE, A M and RAMASWAMY, B. Spinal cord injury and chronic pain. BJA Education. August 2016. Vol. 16, no. 8, p. 264–268. DOI 10.1093/bjaed/mkv073.
9. RINTALA, Diana H., HART, Karen A. and PRIEBE, Michael M. Predicting consistency of pain over a 10-year period in persons with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2004. Vol. 41, no. 1, p. 75. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2004.01.0075.
10. RICHARDSON, Elizabeth and REDDEN, David T. Moving towards multiple site outcomes in spinal cord injury pain clinical trials: An issue of clustered observations in trial design and analysis. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 11 May 2014. Vol. 37, no. 3, p. 278–287. DOI 10.1179/2045772313Y.0000000165.
11. FINNERUP, Nanna Brix. Pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Pain. December 2013. Vol. 154, no. Supplement 1, p. S71–S76. DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2012.12.007.
12. SIDDALL, Philip J, MCCLELLAND, Joan M, RUTKOWSKI, Susan B and COUSINS, Michael J. A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury. Pain. June 2003. Vol. 103, no. 3, p. 249–257. DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00452-9.
13. WARMS, Catherine A., TURNER, Judith A., MARSHALL, Helen M. and CARDENAS, Diana D. Treatments for Chronic Pain Associated With Spinal Cord Injuries: Many Are Tried, Few Are Helpful. The Clinical Journal of Pain. May 2002. Vol. 18, no. 3, p. 154–163. DOI 10.1097/00002508-200205000-00004.
14. CRAIG, A, TRAN, Y and MIDDLETON, J. Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 9 February 2009. Vol. 47, no. 2, p. 108–114. DOI 10.1038/sc.2008.115.
15. POLLARD, Clair and KENNEDY, Paul. A longitudinal analysis of emotional impact, coping strategies and post-traumatic psychological growth following spinal cord injury: A 10-year review. British Journal of Health Psychology. September 2007. Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 347–362. DOI 10.1348/135910707X197046.
16. ULLRICH, Philip M., SMITH, Bridget M., BLOW, Frederic C., VALENSTEIN, Marcia and WEAVER, Frances M. Depression, healthcare utilization, and comorbid psychiatric disorders after spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 26 January 2014. Vol. 37, no. 1, p. 40–45. DOI 10.1179/2045772313Y.0000000137.
17. WILLIAMS, Ryan and MURRAY, Adrian. Prevalence of Depression After Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-Analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. January 2015. Vol. 96, no. 1, p. 133–140. DOI 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.08.016.
18. TZANOS, Ioannis–Alexandros, MAVROGENIS, Andreas, GIOTI, Konstantina, PAPAGELOPOULOS, Panagiotis and PANAGIOTOPOULOS, Elias. Depressive mood in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Greece. Spinal Cord. 26 September 2018. Vol. 56, no. 9, p. 883–889. DOI 10.1038/s41393-018-0093-z.
19. MUNCE, S E P, STRAUS, S E, FEHLINGS, M G, VOTH, J, NUGAEVA, N, JANG, E, WEBSTER, F and JAGLAL, S B. Impact of psychological characteristics in self-management in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 9 January 2016. Vol. 54, no. 1, p. 29–33. DOI 10.1038/sc.2015.91.
20. KENNEDY, Paul and ROGERS, Ben A. Anxiety and depression after spinal cord injury: A longitudinal analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. July 2000. Vol. 81, no. 7, p. 932–937. DOI 10.1053/apmr.2000.5580.
21. VAN GORP, S., KESSELS, A.G., JOOSTEN, E.A., VAN KLEEF, M. and PATIJN, J. Pain prevalence and its determinants after spinal cord injury: A systematic review. European Journal of Pain. January 2015. Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 5–14. DOI 10.1002/ejp.522.
22. DOAN, Lisa, MANDERS, Toby and WANG, Jing. Neuroplasticity Underlying the Comorbidity of Pain and Depression. Neural Plasticity. 2015. Vol. 2015, p. 1–16. DOI 10.1155/2015/504691. <p>Acute pain induces depressed mood, and chronic pain is known to cause depression. Depression, meanwhile, can also adversely affect pain behaviors ranging from symptomology to treatment response. Pain and depression independently induce long-term plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Comorbid conditions, however, have distinct patterns of neural activation. We performed a review of the changes in neural circuitry and molecular signaling pathways that may underlie this complex relationship between pain and depression. We also discussed some of the current and future therapies that are based on this understanding of the CNS plasticity that occurs with pain and depression.</p>
23. FINNERUP, Nanna Brix and BAASTRUP, Cathrine. Spinal Cord Injury Pain: Mechanisms and Management. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 4 June 2012. Vol. 16, no. 3, p. 207–216. DOI 10.1007/s11916-012-0259-x.
24. CUFF, Linton, FANN, Jesse, BOMBARDIER, Charles, GRAVES, Daniel and KALPAKJIAN, Claire. Depression, Pain Intensity, and Interference in Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. January 2014. Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 32–39. DOI 10.1310/sci2001-32.
25. KHAZAEIPOUR, Zahra, TAHERI-OTAGHSARA, Seyedeh-Mohadeseh and NAGHDI, Maryam. Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: Its Relationship to Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. March 2015. Vol. 21, no. 2, p. 149–155. DOI 10.1310/sci2102-149.
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