Pain and depression in patients with spinal cord injuries
Keywords:
SCI, depression, pain
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes many health-related problems and affects not only patient’s physical condition but also other aspects of his life, such as mood and quality of life.
Chronic pain is a common and important complication seen in patients with SCI. As pain is known to affect various activities of the individual, such as recreational and occupational status, sleep quality and sexuality, pain seems to play an important role in quality of life, mood and rehabilitation. In addition, chronic pain and psychological disorders are closely linked, affecting the physical and psychosocial function of the patient. Similarly, various studies have shown that a significant proportion of patients with SCI suffer from depression while at the same time it has been shown that chronic pain is associated with depressive symptoms in these patients.
The purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review concerning the relationship between pain and depression in patients with SCI. From the 27 studies included in this paper, we can safely conclude that pain and depression are strongly connected although the nature of this connection is still to be clarified.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. LOHNE, Vibeke and SEVERINSSON, Elisabeth. Hope during the first months after acute spinal cord injury. Journal of Advanced Nursing. August 2004. Vol. 47, no. 3, p. 279–286. DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03099.x.
2. JAIN, Nitin B., AYERS, Gregory D., PETERSON, Emily N., HARRIS, Mitchel B., MORSE, Leslie, O’CONNOR, Kevin C. and GARSHICK, Eric. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in the United States, 1993-2012. JAMA. 9 June 2015. Vol. 313, no. 22, p. 2236. DOI 10.1001/jama.2015.6250.
3. DIVANOGLOU, A and LEVI, R. Incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury in Thessaloniki, Greece and Stockholm, Sweden: a prospective population-based study. Spinal Cord. 7 November 2009. Vol. 47, no. 11, p. 796–801. DOI 10.1038/sc.2009.28.
4. TATOR, Charles H. Update on the Pathophysiology and Pathology of Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Brain Pathology. October 1995. Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 407–413. DOI 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1995.tb00619.x.
5. TATE, Denise G., FORCHHEIMER, Martin B., KARANA-ZEBARI, Dunia, CHIODO, Anthony E. and KENDALL THOMAS, Jennifer Young. Depression and pain among inpatients with spinal cord injury and spinal cord disease: differences in symptoms and neurological function. Disability and Rehabilitation. 17 July 2013. Vol. 35, no. 14, p. 1204–1212. DOI 10.3109/09638288.2012.726692.
6. DIJKERS, Marcel, BRYCE, Thomas and ZANCA, Jeanne. Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2009. Vol. 46, no. 1, p. 13. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2008.04.0053.
7. PERRY, Kathryn Nicholson, NICHOLAS, Michael K. and MIDDLETON, James. Spinal cord injury-related pain in rehabilitation: A cross-sectional study of relationships with cognitions, mood and physical function. European Journal of Pain. May 2009. Vol. 13, no. 5, p. 511–517. DOI 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.06.003.
8. HADJIPAVLOU, G, CORTESE, A M and RAMASWAMY, B. Spinal cord injury and chronic pain. BJA Education. August 2016. Vol. 16, no. 8, p. 264–268. DOI 10.1093/bjaed/mkv073.
9. RINTALA, Diana H., HART, Karen A. and PRIEBE, Michael M. Predicting consistency of pain over a 10-year period in persons with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2004. Vol. 41, no. 1, p. 75. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2004.01.0075.
10. RICHARDSON, Elizabeth and REDDEN, David T. Moving towards multiple site outcomes in spinal cord injury pain clinical trials: An issue of clustered observations in trial design and analysis. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 11 May 2014. Vol. 37, no. 3, p. 278–287. DOI 10.1179/2045772313Y.0000000165.
11. FINNERUP, Nanna Brix. Pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Pain. December 2013. Vol. 154, no. Supplement 1, p. S71–S76. DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2012.12.007.
12. SIDDALL, Philip J, MCCLELLAND, Joan M, RUTKOWSKI, Susan B and COUSINS, Michael J. A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury. Pain. June 2003. Vol. 103, no. 3, p. 249–257. DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00452-9.
13. WARMS, Catherine A., TURNER, Judith A., MARSHALL, Helen M. and CARDENAS, Diana D. Treatments for Chronic Pain Associated With Spinal Cord Injuries: Many Are Tried, Few Are Helpful. The Clinical Journal of Pain. May 2002. Vol. 18, no. 3, p. 154–163. DOI 10.1097/00002508-200205000-00004.
14. CRAIG, A, TRAN, Y and MIDDLETON, J. Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 9 February 2009. Vol. 47, no. 2, p. 108–114. DOI 10.1038/sc.2008.115.
15. POLLARD, Clair and KENNEDY, Paul. A longitudinal analysis of emotional impact, coping strategies and post-traumatic psychological growth following spinal cord injury: A 10-year review. British Journal of Health Psychology. September 2007. Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 347–362. DOI 10.1348/135910707X197046.
16. ULLRICH, Philip M., SMITH, Bridget M., BLOW, Frederic C., VALENSTEIN, Marcia and WEAVER, Frances M. Depression, healthcare utilization, and comorbid psychiatric disorders after spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 26 January 2014. Vol. 37, no. 1, p. 40–45. DOI 10.1179/2045772313Y.0000000137.
17. WILLIAMS, Ryan and MURRAY, Adrian. Prevalence of Depression After Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-Analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. January 2015. Vol. 96, no. 1, p. 133–140. DOI 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.08.016.
18. TZANOS, Ioannis–Alexandros, MAVROGENIS, Andreas, GIOTI, Konstantina, PAPAGELOPOULOS, Panagiotis and PANAGIOTOPOULOS, Elias. Depressive mood in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Greece. Spinal Cord. 26 September 2018. Vol. 56, no. 9, p. 883–889. DOI 10.1038/s41393-018-0093-z.
19. MUNCE, S E P, STRAUS, S E, FEHLINGS, M G, VOTH, J, NUGAEVA, N, JANG, E, WEBSTER, F and JAGLAL, S B. Impact of psychological characteristics in self-management in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 9 January 2016. Vol. 54, no. 1, p. 29–33. DOI 10.1038/sc.2015.91.
20. KENNEDY, Paul and ROGERS, Ben A. Anxiety and depression after spinal cord injury: A longitudinal analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. July 2000. Vol. 81, no. 7, p. 932–937. DOI 10.1053/apmr.2000.5580.
21. VAN GORP, S., KESSELS, A.G., JOOSTEN, E.A., VAN KLEEF, M. and PATIJN, J. Pain prevalence and its determinants after spinal cord injury: A systematic review. European Journal of Pain. January 2015. Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 5–14. DOI 10.1002/ejp.522.
22. DOAN, Lisa, MANDERS, Toby and WANG, Jing. Neuroplasticity Underlying the Comorbidity of Pain and Depression. Neural Plasticity. 2015. Vol. 2015, p. 1–16. DOI 10.1155/2015/504691.
23. FINNERUP, Nanna Brix and BAASTRUP, Cathrine. Spinal Cord Injury Pain: Mechanisms and Management. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 4 June 2012. Vol. 16, no. 3, p. 207–216. DOI 10.1007/s11916-012-0259-x.
24. CUFF, Linton, FANN, Jesse, BOMBARDIER, Charles, GRAVES, Daniel and KALPAKJIAN, Claire. Depression, Pain Intensity, and Interference in Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. January 2014. Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 32–39. DOI 10.1310/sci2001-32.
25. KHAZAEIPOUR, Zahra, TAHERI-OTAGHSARA, Seyedeh-Mohadeseh and NAGHDI, Maryam. Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: Its Relationship to Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. March 2015. Vol. 21, no. 2, p. 149–155. DOI 10.1310/sci2102-149.
26. RICHARDS, J. S., MEREDITH, R. L., NEPOMUCENO, C., FINE, P. R. and BENNETT, G. Psycho-social aspects of chronic pain in spinal cord injury. Pain. June 1980. Vol. 8, no. 3, p. 355–366. DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(80)90079-2.
27. ATAOĞLU, E, TIFTIK, T, KARA, M, TUNÇ, H, ERSÖZ, M and AKKUŞ, S. Effects of chronic pain on quality of life and depression in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1 January 2013. Vol. 51, no. 1, p. 23–26. DOI 10.1038/sc.2012.51.
28. AVLUK, Ozlem Celik, GURCAY, Eda, GURCAY, Ahmet Gurhan, KARAAHMET, Ozgur Zeliha, TAMKAN, Ugur and CAKCI, Aytul. Effects of chronic pain on function, depression, and sleep among patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Annals of Saudi Medicine. May 2014. Vol. 34, no. 3, p. 211–216. DOI 10.5144/0256-4947.2014.211.
29. CAIRNS, Douglas M., ADKINS, Rodney H. and SCOTT, Michael D. Pain and depression in acute traumatic spinal cord injury: Origins of chronic problematic pain? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. April 1996. Vol. 77, no. 4, p. 329–335. DOI 10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90079-9.
30. CRAIG, Ashley R., HANCOCK, Karen M. and DICKSON, Hugh G. Spinal cord injury: A search for determinants of depression two years after the event. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. May 1994. Vol. 33, no. 2, p. 221–230. DOI 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01116.x.
31. ELLIOTT, Timothy R. and HARKINS, Stephen W. Psychosocial Concomitants of Persistent Pain Among Persons with Spinal Cord Injuries1. NeuroRehabilitation. 28 November 1991. Vol. 1, no. 4, p. 7–16. DOI 10.3233/NRE-1991-1403.
32. MOLTON, Ivan R., STOELB, Brenda L., JENSEN, Mark P., EHDE, Dawn M., RAICHLE, Katherine A. and CARDENAS, Diana D. Psychosocial factors and adjustment to chronic pain in spinal cord injury: Replication and cross-validation. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2009. Vol. 46, no. 1, p. 31. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2008.03.0044.
33. HOFFMAN, Jeanne M., BOMBARDIER, Charles H., GRAVES, Daniel E., KALPAKJIAN, Claire Z. and KRAUSE, James S. A Longitudinal Study of Depression From 1 to 5 Years After Spinal Cord Injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. March 2011. Vol. 92, no. 3, p. 411–418. DOI 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.10.036.
34. KENNEDY, Paul and HASSON, Laurence. The relationship between pain and mood following spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 4 May 2017. Vol. 40, no. 3, p. 275–279. DOI 10.1080/10790268.2016.1147680.
35. MULLER, R, LANDMANN, G, BECHIR, M, HINRICHS, T, ARNET, U, JORDAN, X and BRINKHOF, M. Chronic pain, depression and quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury: Mediating role of participation. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2017. Vol. 49, no. 6, p. 489–496. DOI 10.2340/16501977-2241.
36. BUDH, Cecilia Norrbrink and ÖSTERÅKER, Anna-Lena. Life satisfaction in individuals with a spinal cord injury and pain. Clinical Rehabilitation. 1 January 2007. Vol. 21, no. 1, p. 89–96. DOI 10.1177/0269215506070313.
37. RAVENSCROFT, A, AHMED, YS and BURNSIDE, IG. Chronic pain after SCI. A patient survey. Spinal Cord. 25 October 2000. Vol. 38, no. 10, p. 611–614. DOI 10.1038/sj.sc.3101073.
38. SAUNDERS, L L, KRAUSE, J S and FOCHT, K L. A longitudinal study of depression in survivors of spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2 January 2012. Vol. 50, no. 1, p. 72–77. DOI 10.1038/sc.2011.83.
39. STROUD, Michael W., TURNER, Judith A., JENSEN, Mark P. and CARDENAS, Diana D. Partner Responses to Pain Behaviors Are Associated With Depression and Activity Interference Among Persons With Chronic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury. The Journal of Pain. February 2006. Vol. 7, no. 2, p. 91–99. DOI 10.1016/j.jpain.2005.08.006.
40. RINTALA, Diana H., LOUBSER, Paul G., CASTRO, Josephine, HART, Karen A. and FUHRER, Marcus J. Chronic pain in a community-based sample of men with spinal cord injury: Prevalence, severity, and relationship with impairment, disability, handicap, and subjective well-being. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. June 1998. Vol. 79, no. 6, p. 604–614. DOI 10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90032-6.
41. HASSANIJIRDEHI, Marzieh, KHAK, Mohammad, AFSHARI-MIRAK, Sohrab, HOLAKOUIE-NAIENI, Kourosh, SAADAT, Soheil, TAHERI, Taher and RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR, Vafa. Evaluation of Pain and Its Effect on Quality of Life and Functioning in Men with Spinal Cord Injury. The Korean Journal of Pain. 30 April 2015. Vol. 28, no. 2, p. 129–136. DOI 10.3344/kjp.2015.28.2.129.
42. KRAUSE, James S., BROTHERTON, Sandra S., MORRISETTE, David C., NEWMAN, Susan D. and KARAKOSTAS, Tasos E. Does pain interference mediate the relationship of independence in ambulation with depressive symptoms after spinal cord injury? Rehabilitation Psychology. 2007. Vol. 52, no. 2, p. 162–169. DOI 10.1037/0090-5550.52.2.162.
43. KIM, Samsuk, WHIBLEY, Daniel, WILLIAMS, David A. and KRATZ, Anna L. Pain Acceptance in People With Chronic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury: Daily Fluctuation and Impacts on Physical and Psychosocial Functioning. The Journal of Pain. March 2020. Vol. 21, no. 3–4, p. 455–466. DOI 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.08.014.
44. HASSANPOUR, Katayun, HOTZ-BOENDERMAKER, Sabina, DOKLADAL, Petra and CURT, Armin. Low depressive symptoms in acute spinal cord injury compared to other neurological disorders. Journal of Neurology. 18 June 2012. Vol. 259, no. 6, p. 1142–1150. DOI 10.1007/s00415-011-6316-2.
45. NICHOLSON-PERRY, Kathryn, NICHOLAS, Michael K., MIDDLETON, James and SIDDALL, Philip. Psychological characteristics of people with spinal cord injury-related persisting pain referred to a tertiary pain management center. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2009. Vol. 46, no. 1, p. 57. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2008.04.0050.
46. SUMMERS, Jay D., RAPOFF, Michael A., VARGHESE, George, PORTER, Kent and PALMER, Richard E. Psychosocial factors in chronic spinal cord injury pain. Pain. November 1991. Vol. 47, no. 2, p. 183–189. DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90203-A.
47. TATE, Denise G., FORCHHEIMER, Martin B., KARANA-ZEBARI, Dunia, CHIODO, Anthony E. and KENDALL THOMAS, Jennifer Young. Depression and pain among inpatients with spinal cord injury and spinal cord disease: differences in symptoms and neurological function. Disability and Rehabilitation. 17 July 2013. Vol. 35, no. 14, p. 1204–1212. DOI 10.3109/09638288.2012.726692.
48. WOLLAARS, Marieke M., POST, Marcel W. M., VAN ASBECK, Floris W. A. and BRAND, Nico. Spinal Cord Injury Pain: The Influence of Psychologic Factors and Impact on Quality of Life. The Clinical Journal of Pain. June 2007. Vol. 23, no. 5, p. 383–391. DOI 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31804463e5.
49. SHIN, Jung-In, CHAE, Jeong-Ho, MIN, Jung-Ah, LEE, Chang-Uk, HWANG, Sung-Il, LEE, Bum-Suk, HAN, Sang-Hoon, JU, Hye-In and LEE, Cha-Yeon. Resilience as a Possible Predictor for Psychological Distress in Chronic Spinal Cord Injured Patients Living in the Community. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2012. Vol. 36, no. 6, p. 815. DOI 10.5535/arm.2012.36.6.815.
50. MATIN, Marzieh, LATIFI, Sahar, KOUSHKI, Davood, NOROUZI JAVIDAN, Abbas, LALEH, Leila, SOLTANI, Zahra and RAHDARI, Fereshteh. Depressive Mood and Fatigue in Iranian Patients With Spinal Cord Injury and Spared Walking Ability. Archives of Neuroscience. 18 August 2014. Vol. 2, no. 3. DOI 10.5812/archneurosci.20180.
51. VAN GORP, S., KESSELS, A.G., JOOSTEN, E.A., VAN KLEEF, M. and PATIJN, J. Pain prevalence and its determinants after spinal cord injury: A systematic review. European Journal of Pain. January 2015. Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 5–14. DOI 10.1002/ejp.522.
52. HATEFI, Masoud, ABDI, Alireza, TARJOMAN, Asma and BORJI, Milad. Prevalence of Depression and Pain Among Patients with Spinal Cord Injury in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma Monthly. 27 April 2019. Vol. 24, no. 4. DOI 10.5812/traumamon.87503.
53. TRAN, J, DORSTYN, D S and BURKE, A L J. Psychosocial aspects of spinal cord injury pain: a meta-analysis. Spinal Cord. 10 September 2016. Vol. 54, no. 9, p. 640–648. DOI 10.1038/sc.2016.66.
54. BAIR, Matthew J., ROBINSON, Rebecca L., KATON, Wayne and KROENKE, Kurt. Depression and Pain Comorbidity. Archives of Internal Medicine. 10 November 2003. Vol. 163, no. 20, p. 2433. DOI 10.1001/archinte.163.20.2433.
55. LI, Ailing. Comorbidity of Depression and Pain: a review of shared contributing mechanisms. Journal of Neurology and Neuromedicine. 1 March 2017. Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 4–11. DOI 10.29245/2572.942X/2017/3.1116.
56. CRAIG, A, TRAN, Y and MIDDLETON, J. Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 9 February 2009. Vol. 47, no. 2, p. 108–114. DOI 10.1038/sc.2008.115.
57. HEARN, Jasmine Heath and CROSS, Ainslea. Mindfulness for pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. BMC Neurology. 21 December 2020. Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 32. DOI 10.1186/s12883-020-1619-5.
58. HAN, Changsu and PAE, Chi-Un. Pain and Depression: A Neurobiological Perspective of Their Relationship. Psychiatry Investigation. 2015. Vol. 12, no. 1, p. 1. DOI 10.4306/pi.2015.12.1.1.
59. CADEL, Lauren, DELUCA, Claudia, HITZIG, Sander L., PACKER, Tanya L., LOFTERS, Aisha K., PATEL, Tejal and GUILCHER, Sara J. T. Self-management of pain and depression in adults with spinal cord injury: A scoping review. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 3 May 2020. Vol. 43, no. 3, p. 280–297. DOI 10.1080/10790268.2018.1523776.
60. RUFF, Robert L., ADAMSON, Van W., RUFF, Suzanne S. and WANG, Xiaofeng. Directed rehabilitation reduces pain and depression while increasing independence and satisfaction with life for patients with paraplegia due to epidural metastatic spinal cord compression. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2007. Vol. 44, no. 1, p. 1. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2005.10.0168.
2. JAIN, Nitin B., AYERS, Gregory D., PETERSON, Emily N., HARRIS, Mitchel B., MORSE, Leslie, O’CONNOR, Kevin C. and GARSHICK, Eric. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in the United States, 1993-2012. JAMA. 9 June 2015. Vol. 313, no. 22, p. 2236. DOI 10.1001/jama.2015.6250.
3. DIVANOGLOU, A and LEVI, R. Incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury in Thessaloniki, Greece and Stockholm, Sweden: a prospective population-based study. Spinal Cord. 7 November 2009. Vol. 47, no. 11, p. 796–801. DOI 10.1038/sc.2009.28.
4. TATOR, Charles H. Update on the Pathophysiology and Pathology of Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Brain Pathology. October 1995. Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 407–413. DOI 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1995.tb00619.x.
5. TATE, Denise G., FORCHHEIMER, Martin B., KARANA-ZEBARI, Dunia, CHIODO, Anthony E. and KENDALL THOMAS, Jennifer Young. Depression and pain among inpatients with spinal cord injury and spinal cord disease: differences in symptoms and neurological function. Disability and Rehabilitation. 17 July 2013. Vol. 35, no. 14, p. 1204–1212. DOI 10.3109/09638288.2012.726692.
6. DIJKERS, Marcel, BRYCE, Thomas and ZANCA, Jeanne. Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2009. Vol. 46, no. 1, p. 13. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2008.04.0053.
7. PERRY, Kathryn Nicholson, NICHOLAS, Michael K. and MIDDLETON, James. Spinal cord injury-related pain in rehabilitation: A cross-sectional study of relationships with cognitions, mood and physical function. European Journal of Pain. May 2009. Vol. 13, no. 5, p. 511–517. DOI 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.06.003.
8. HADJIPAVLOU, G, CORTESE, A M and RAMASWAMY, B. Spinal cord injury and chronic pain. BJA Education. August 2016. Vol. 16, no. 8, p. 264–268. DOI 10.1093/bjaed/mkv073.
9. RINTALA, Diana H., HART, Karen A. and PRIEBE, Michael M. Predicting consistency of pain over a 10-year period in persons with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2004. Vol. 41, no. 1, p. 75. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2004.01.0075.
10. RICHARDSON, Elizabeth and REDDEN, David T. Moving towards multiple site outcomes in spinal cord injury pain clinical trials: An issue of clustered observations in trial design and analysis. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 11 May 2014. Vol. 37, no. 3, p. 278–287. DOI 10.1179/2045772313Y.0000000165.
11. FINNERUP, Nanna Brix. Pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Pain. December 2013. Vol. 154, no. Supplement 1, p. S71–S76. DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2012.12.007.
12. SIDDALL, Philip J, MCCLELLAND, Joan M, RUTKOWSKI, Susan B and COUSINS, Michael J. A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury. Pain. June 2003. Vol. 103, no. 3, p. 249–257. DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00452-9.
13. WARMS, Catherine A., TURNER, Judith A., MARSHALL, Helen M. and CARDENAS, Diana D. Treatments for Chronic Pain Associated With Spinal Cord Injuries: Many Are Tried, Few Are Helpful. The Clinical Journal of Pain. May 2002. Vol. 18, no. 3, p. 154–163. DOI 10.1097/00002508-200205000-00004.
14. CRAIG, A, TRAN, Y and MIDDLETON, J. Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 9 February 2009. Vol. 47, no. 2, p. 108–114. DOI 10.1038/sc.2008.115.
15. POLLARD, Clair and KENNEDY, Paul. A longitudinal analysis of emotional impact, coping strategies and post-traumatic psychological growth following spinal cord injury: A 10-year review. British Journal of Health Psychology. September 2007. Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 347–362. DOI 10.1348/135910707X197046.
16. ULLRICH, Philip M., SMITH, Bridget M., BLOW, Frederic C., VALENSTEIN, Marcia and WEAVER, Frances M. Depression, healthcare utilization, and comorbid psychiatric disorders after spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 26 January 2014. Vol. 37, no. 1, p. 40–45. DOI 10.1179/2045772313Y.0000000137.
17. WILLIAMS, Ryan and MURRAY, Adrian. Prevalence of Depression After Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-Analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. January 2015. Vol. 96, no. 1, p. 133–140. DOI 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.08.016.
18. TZANOS, Ioannis–Alexandros, MAVROGENIS, Andreas, GIOTI, Konstantina, PAPAGELOPOULOS, Panagiotis and PANAGIOTOPOULOS, Elias. Depressive mood in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Greece. Spinal Cord. 26 September 2018. Vol. 56, no. 9, p. 883–889. DOI 10.1038/s41393-018-0093-z.
19. MUNCE, S E P, STRAUS, S E, FEHLINGS, M G, VOTH, J, NUGAEVA, N, JANG, E, WEBSTER, F and JAGLAL, S B. Impact of psychological characteristics in self-management in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 9 January 2016. Vol. 54, no. 1, p. 29–33. DOI 10.1038/sc.2015.91.
20. KENNEDY, Paul and ROGERS, Ben A. Anxiety and depression after spinal cord injury: A longitudinal analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. July 2000. Vol. 81, no. 7, p. 932–937. DOI 10.1053/apmr.2000.5580.
21. VAN GORP, S., KESSELS, A.G., JOOSTEN, E.A., VAN KLEEF, M. and PATIJN, J. Pain prevalence and its determinants after spinal cord injury: A systematic review. European Journal of Pain. January 2015. Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 5–14. DOI 10.1002/ejp.522.
22. DOAN, Lisa, MANDERS, Toby and WANG, Jing. Neuroplasticity Underlying the Comorbidity of Pain and Depression. Neural Plasticity. 2015. Vol. 2015, p. 1–16. DOI 10.1155/2015/504691.
Acute pain induces depressed mood, and chronic pain is known to cause depression. Depression, meanwhile, can also adversely affect pain behaviors ranging from symptomology to treatment response. Pain and depression independently induce long-term plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Comorbid conditions, however, have distinct patterns of neural activation. We performed a review of the changes in neural circuitry and molecular signaling pathways that may underlie this complex relationship between pain and depression. We also discussed some of the current and future therapies that are based on this understanding of the CNS plasticity that occurs with pain and depression.
23. FINNERUP, Nanna Brix and BAASTRUP, Cathrine. Spinal Cord Injury Pain: Mechanisms and Management. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 4 June 2012. Vol. 16, no. 3, p. 207–216. DOI 10.1007/s11916-012-0259-x.
24. CUFF, Linton, FANN, Jesse, BOMBARDIER, Charles, GRAVES, Daniel and KALPAKJIAN, Claire. Depression, Pain Intensity, and Interference in Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. January 2014. Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 32–39. DOI 10.1310/sci2001-32.
25. KHAZAEIPOUR, Zahra, TAHERI-OTAGHSARA, Seyedeh-Mohadeseh and NAGHDI, Maryam. Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: Its Relationship to Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. March 2015. Vol. 21, no. 2, p. 149–155. DOI 10.1310/sci2102-149.
26. RICHARDS, J. S., MEREDITH, R. L., NEPOMUCENO, C., FINE, P. R. and BENNETT, G. Psycho-social aspects of chronic pain in spinal cord injury. Pain. June 1980. Vol. 8, no. 3, p. 355–366. DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(80)90079-2.
27. ATAOĞLU, E, TIFTIK, T, KARA, M, TUNÇ, H, ERSÖZ, M and AKKUŞ, S. Effects of chronic pain on quality of life and depression in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1 January 2013. Vol. 51, no. 1, p. 23–26. DOI 10.1038/sc.2012.51.
28. AVLUK, Ozlem Celik, GURCAY, Eda, GURCAY, Ahmet Gurhan, KARAAHMET, Ozgur Zeliha, TAMKAN, Ugur and CAKCI, Aytul. Effects of chronic pain on function, depression, and sleep among patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Annals of Saudi Medicine. May 2014. Vol. 34, no. 3, p. 211–216. DOI 10.5144/0256-4947.2014.211.
29. CAIRNS, Douglas M., ADKINS, Rodney H. and SCOTT, Michael D. Pain and depression in acute traumatic spinal cord injury: Origins of chronic problematic pain? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. April 1996. Vol. 77, no. 4, p. 329–335. DOI 10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90079-9.
30. CRAIG, Ashley R., HANCOCK, Karen M. and DICKSON, Hugh G. Spinal cord injury: A search for determinants of depression two years after the event. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. May 1994. Vol. 33, no. 2, p. 221–230. DOI 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01116.x.
31. ELLIOTT, Timothy R. and HARKINS, Stephen W. Psychosocial Concomitants of Persistent Pain Among Persons with Spinal Cord Injuries1. NeuroRehabilitation. 28 November 1991. Vol. 1, no. 4, p. 7–16. DOI 10.3233/NRE-1991-1403.
32. MOLTON, Ivan R., STOELB, Brenda L., JENSEN, Mark P., EHDE, Dawn M., RAICHLE, Katherine A. and CARDENAS, Diana D. Psychosocial factors and adjustment to chronic pain in spinal cord injury: Replication and cross-validation. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2009. Vol. 46, no. 1, p. 31. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2008.03.0044.
33. HOFFMAN, Jeanne M., BOMBARDIER, Charles H., GRAVES, Daniel E., KALPAKJIAN, Claire Z. and KRAUSE, James S. A Longitudinal Study of Depression From 1 to 5 Years After Spinal Cord Injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. March 2011. Vol. 92, no. 3, p. 411–418. DOI 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.10.036.
34. KENNEDY, Paul and HASSON, Laurence. The relationship between pain and mood following spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 4 May 2017. Vol. 40, no. 3, p. 275–279. DOI 10.1080/10790268.2016.1147680.
35. MULLER, R, LANDMANN, G, BECHIR, M, HINRICHS, T, ARNET, U, JORDAN, X and BRINKHOF, M. Chronic pain, depression and quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury: Mediating role of participation. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2017. Vol. 49, no. 6, p. 489–496. DOI 10.2340/16501977-2241.
36. BUDH, Cecilia Norrbrink and ÖSTERÅKER, Anna-Lena. Life satisfaction in individuals with a spinal cord injury and pain. Clinical Rehabilitation. 1 January 2007. Vol. 21, no. 1, p. 89–96. DOI 10.1177/0269215506070313.
Objective: To assess and describe life satisfaction in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) with regard to pain.
37. RAVENSCROFT, A, AHMED, YS and BURNSIDE, IG. Chronic pain after SCI. A patient survey. Spinal Cord. 25 October 2000. Vol. 38, no. 10, p. 611–614. DOI 10.1038/sj.sc.3101073.
38. SAUNDERS, L L, KRAUSE, J S and FOCHT, K L. A longitudinal study of depression in survivors of spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2 January 2012. Vol. 50, no. 1, p. 72–77. DOI 10.1038/sc.2011.83.
39. STROUD, Michael W., TURNER, Judith A., JENSEN, Mark P. and CARDENAS, Diana D. Partner Responses to Pain Behaviors Are Associated With Depression and Activity Interference Among Persons With Chronic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury. The Journal of Pain. February 2006. Vol. 7, no. 2, p. 91–99. DOI 10.1016/j.jpain.2005.08.006.
40. RINTALA, Diana H., LOUBSER, Paul G., CASTRO, Josephine, HART, Karen A. and FUHRER, Marcus J. Chronic pain in a community-based sample of men with spinal cord injury: Prevalence, severity, and relationship with impairment, disability, handicap, and subjective well-being. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. June 1998. Vol. 79, no. 6, p. 604–614. DOI 10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90032-6.
41. HASSANIJIRDEHI, Marzieh, KHAK, Mohammad, AFSHARI-MIRAK, Sohrab, HOLAKOUIE-NAIENI, Kourosh, SAADAT, Soheil, TAHERI, Taher and RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR, Vafa. Evaluation of Pain and Its Effect on Quality of Life and Functioning in Men with Spinal Cord Injury. The Korean Journal of Pain. 30 April 2015. Vol. 28, no. 2, p. 129–136. DOI 10.3344/kjp.2015.28.2.129.
42. KRAUSE, James S., BROTHERTON, Sandra S., MORRISETTE, David C., NEWMAN, Susan D. and KARAKOSTAS, Tasos E. Does pain interference mediate the relationship of independence in ambulation with depressive symptoms after spinal cord injury? Rehabilitation Psychology. 2007. Vol. 52, no. 2, p. 162–169. DOI 10.1037/0090-5550.52.2.162.
43. KIM, Samsuk, WHIBLEY, Daniel, WILLIAMS, David A. and KRATZ, Anna L. Pain Acceptance in People With Chronic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury: Daily Fluctuation and Impacts on Physical and Psychosocial Functioning. The Journal of Pain. March 2020. Vol. 21, no. 3–4, p. 455–466. DOI 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.08.014.
44. HASSANPOUR, Katayun, HOTZ-BOENDERMAKER, Sabina, DOKLADAL, Petra and CURT, Armin. Low depressive symptoms in acute spinal cord injury compared to other neurological disorders. Journal of Neurology. 18 June 2012. Vol. 259, no. 6, p. 1142–1150. DOI 10.1007/s00415-011-6316-2.
45. NICHOLSON-PERRY, Kathryn, NICHOLAS, Michael K., MIDDLETON, James and SIDDALL, Philip. Psychological characteristics of people with spinal cord injury-related persisting pain referred to a tertiary pain management center. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2009. Vol. 46, no. 1, p. 57. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2008.04.0050.
46. SUMMERS, Jay D., RAPOFF, Michael A., VARGHESE, George, PORTER, Kent and PALMER, Richard E. Psychosocial factors in chronic spinal cord injury pain. Pain. November 1991. Vol. 47, no. 2, p. 183–189. DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90203-A.
47. TATE, Denise G., FORCHHEIMER, Martin B., KARANA-ZEBARI, Dunia, CHIODO, Anthony E. and KENDALL THOMAS, Jennifer Young. Depression and pain among inpatients with spinal cord injury and spinal cord disease: differences in symptoms and neurological function. Disability and Rehabilitation. 17 July 2013. Vol. 35, no. 14, p. 1204–1212. DOI 10.3109/09638288.2012.726692.
48. WOLLAARS, Marieke M., POST, Marcel W. M., VAN ASBECK, Floris W. A. and BRAND, Nico. Spinal Cord Injury Pain: The Influence of Psychologic Factors and Impact on Quality of Life. The Clinical Journal of Pain. June 2007. Vol. 23, no. 5, p. 383–391. DOI 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31804463e5.
49. SHIN, Jung-In, CHAE, Jeong-Ho, MIN, Jung-Ah, LEE, Chang-Uk, HWANG, Sung-Il, LEE, Bum-Suk, HAN, Sang-Hoon, JU, Hye-In and LEE, Cha-Yeon. Resilience as a Possible Predictor for Psychological Distress in Chronic Spinal Cord Injured Patients Living in the Community. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2012. Vol. 36, no. 6, p. 815. DOI 10.5535/arm.2012.36.6.815.
50. MATIN, Marzieh, LATIFI, Sahar, KOUSHKI, Davood, NOROUZI JAVIDAN, Abbas, LALEH, Leila, SOLTANI, Zahra and RAHDARI, Fereshteh. Depressive Mood and Fatigue in Iranian Patients With Spinal Cord Injury and Spared Walking Ability. Archives of Neuroscience. 18 August 2014. Vol. 2, no. 3. DOI 10.5812/archneurosci.20180.
51. VAN GORP, S., KESSELS, A.G., JOOSTEN, E.A., VAN KLEEF, M. and PATIJN, J. Pain prevalence and its determinants after spinal cord injury: A systematic review. European Journal of Pain. January 2015. Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 5–14. DOI 10.1002/ejp.522.
52. HATEFI, Masoud, ABDI, Alireza, TARJOMAN, Asma and BORJI, Milad. Prevalence of Depression and Pain Among Patients with Spinal Cord Injury in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma Monthly. 27 April 2019. Vol. 24, no. 4. DOI 10.5812/traumamon.87503.
53. TRAN, J, DORSTYN, D S and BURKE, A L J. Psychosocial aspects of spinal cord injury pain: a meta-analysis. Spinal Cord. 10 September 2016. Vol. 54, no. 9, p. 640–648. DOI 10.1038/sc.2016.66.
54. BAIR, Matthew J., ROBINSON, Rebecca L., KATON, Wayne and KROENKE, Kurt. Depression and Pain Comorbidity. Archives of Internal Medicine. 10 November 2003. Vol. 163, no. 20, p. 2433. DOI 10.1001/archinte.163.20.2433.
55. LI, Ailing. Comorbidity of Depression and Pain: a review of shared contributing mechanisms. Journal of Neurology and Neuromedicine. 1 March 2017. Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 4–11. DOI 10.29245/2572.942X/2017/3.1116.
56. CRAIG, A, TRAN, Y and MIDDLETON, J. Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 9 February 2009. Vol. 47, no. 2, p. 108–114. DOI 10.1038/sc.2008.115.
57. HEARN, Jasmine Heath and CROSS, Ainslea. Mindfulness for pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. BMC Neurology. 21 December 2020. Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 32. DOI 10.1186/s12883-020-1619-5.
58. HAN, Changsu and PAE, Chi-Un. Pain and Depression: A Neurobiological Perspective of Their Relationship. Psychiatry Investigation. 2015. Vol. 12, no. 1, p. 1. DOI 10.4306/pi.2015.12.1.1.
59. CADEL, Lauren, DELUCA, Claudia, HITZIG, Sander L., PACKER, Tanya L., LOFTERS, Aisha K., PATEL, Tejal and GUILCHER, Sara J. T. Self-management of pain and depression in adults with spinal cord injury: A scoping review. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 3 May 2020. Vol. 43, no. 3, p. 280–297. DOI 10.1080/10790268.2018.1523776.
60. RUFF, Robert L., ADAMSON, Van W., RUFF, Suzanne S. and WANG, Xiaofeng. Directed rehabilitation reduces pain and depression while increasing independence and satisfaction with life for patients with paraplegia due to epidural metastatic spinal cord compression. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2007. Vol. 44, no. 1, p. 1. DOI 10.1682/JRRD.2005.10.0168.
Published
2022-12-19
Section
Young Scientists Pages
Copyright (c) 2022 Acta Orthopaedica Et Traumatologica Hellenica
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
