Botox applications in patients with neurological symptoms following Spinal Cord Injury
Keywords:
Spinal Cord Injury, Botox, Spasticity, Urinary system, PainAbstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is defined as damage to the spinal cord causing temporary or permanent changes in patient’s major functions. The main type of SCI occurs from direct trauma, as in accidents, and is called traumatic. Despite scientific and therapeutic progress, traumatic SCI remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Its long-term medical complications have serious consequences for patients and their families; therefore, finding effective therapeutic interventions is very important. This study is a review of the existing literature on the therapeutic effects of botulinum toxin (Botox) as an intervention for the treatment of neurological complications occurring in patients after SCI, with emphasis on chronic complications. Botox is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism in humans. There are seven immunogenic toxins, however, the most used formula is BoNT-A. Botox treatment in patients with SCI is effective against spasticity, bladder dysfunction and chronic pain.
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References
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2. Dumont RJ, Okonkwo DO, Verma S, et al. Acute spinal cord injury, part I: pathophysiologic mechanisms. Clinical neuropharmacology 2001;24(5):254-64.
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9. Lin YH, Chiang BJ, Liao CH. Mechanism of action of botulinum toxin A in treatment of functional urological disorders. Toxins 2020;12(2):129.
10. Harper M, Fowler CJ, Dasgupta P. Botulinum toxin and its applications in the lower urinary tract. BJU international 2004;93(6):702-06.
11. Cho YS, Kim KH. Botulinum toxin in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Journal of exercise rehabilitation 2016;12(6):624-31.
12. Jiang YH, Chen SF, Kuo HC. Frontiers in the Clinical Applications of Botulinum Toxin A as Treatment for Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction. International Neurourology Journal 2020;24(4):301-12.
13. Fried GW, Fried KM. Spinal cord injury and use of botulinum toxin in reducing spasticity. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics 2003;14(4):901-10.
14. Burchiel KJ, Hsu FP. Pain and spasticity after spinal cord injury: mechanisms and treatment. Spine 2001;26(24S):S146-60.
15. Elbasiouny SM, Moroz D, Bakr MM, et al. Management of Spasticity After Spinal Cord Injury: Current Techniques and Future Directions. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009;24(1):23–33.
16. Palazón-García R, Alcobendas-Maestro M, Esclarin-de Ruz A, et al. Treatment of spasticity in spinal cord injury with botulinum toxin. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2019;42(3):281-87.
17. Ma K, Zhu D, Zhang C, et al. Botulinum Toxin Type A Possibly Affects Cav3. 2 Calcium Channel Subunit in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Muscle Spasticity. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2020;14:3029-41.
18. Marciniak C, Rader L, Gagnon C. The use of botulinum toxin for spasticity after spinal cord injury. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 2008;87(4):312-17.
19. Opara J, Hordyńska E, Swoboda A. Effectiveness of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of spasticity of the lower extremities in adults-preliminary report. Ortopedia, traumatologia, rehabilitacja 2007;9(3):277-85.
20. Linsenmeyer TA. Use of botulinum toxin in individuals with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: state of the art review. The journal of spinal cord medicine 2013;36(5):402-19.
21. Kuo HC. Therapeutic outcome and quality of life between urethral and detrusor botulinum toxin treatment for patients with spinal cord lesions and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. International journal of clinical practice 2013;67(10):1044-49.
22. Chen SF, Chang CH, Kuo HC. Effect of detrusor botulinum toxin an injection on urothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic spinal cord injury: a clinical and immunohistochemistry study before and after treatment. Spinal Cord 2016;54(10):889-94.
23. Chen H, Xie K, Jiang C. A single-blind randomized control trial of trigonal versus nontrigonal Botulinum toxin-A injections for patients with urinary incontinence and poor bladder compliance secondary to spinal cord injury. The journal of spinal cord medicine 2020:1-8.
24. Chen S., Bih LI, Chen GD, et al. Transrectal Ultrasound–Guided Transperineal Botulinum Toxin A Injection to the External Urethral Sphincter for Treatment of Detrusor External Sphincter Dyssynergia in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2010;91(3):340-44.
25. Jia C, Liao LM, Chen G, et al. Detrusor botulinum toxin A injection significantly decreased urinary tract infection in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2013;51(6):487-90.
26. Han ZA, Song DH, Oh HM, et al. Botulinum toxin type A for neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Annals of neurology 2016;79(4):569-78.
27. Ma L, Nagai J, Sekino Y, et al. Single Application of A2 NTX, a Botulinum Toxin A2 Subunit, Prevents Chronic Pain Over Long Periods in Both Diabetic and Spinal Cord Injury–Induced Neuropathic Pain Models. Journal of pharmacological sciences 2012;119(3):282-86
28. Li G, Lv CA, Tian L, et al. A randomized controlled trial of botulinum toxin A for treating neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Medicine 2017;96(20):e6919.
29. Han ZA, Song DH, Oh HM, et al. Botulinum toxin type A for neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Annals of neurology 2016;79(4):569-78.
2. Dumont RJ, Okonkwo DO, Verma S, et al. Acute spinal cord injury, part I: pathophysiologic mechanisms. Clinical neuropharmacology 2001;24(5):254-64.
3. Ahuja CS., Wilson JR., Nori S, et al. Traumatic spinal cord injury. Nature reviews Disease primers 2017;3(1):1-21.
4. Sezer N, Akkuş S, Uğurlu FG. Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World journal of orthopedics 2015;6(1):24-43.
5. Al Taweel W, Seyam R. Neurogenic bladder in spinal cord injury patients. Research and reports in urology 2015;7:85-99.
6. Adams MM, Hicks AL. Spasticity after spinal cord injury. Spinal cord 2005;43(10):577-86.
7. Hagen EM, Rekand T. Management of neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury. Pain and therapy 2015;4(1):51-65.
8. Hashemi-Zonouz T, Jabbari B. The Role of Botulinum Toxins in Treatment of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Symptoms. In: Jabbari B. (ed). Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Clinical Medicine. Springer-Cham. 2018, pp 193-211.
9. Lin YH, Chiang BJ, Liao CH. Mechanism of action of botulinum toxin A in treatment of functional urological disorders. Toxins 2020;12(2):129.
10. Harper M, Fowler CJ, Dasgupta P. Botulinum toxin and its applications in the lower urinary tract. BJU international 2004;93(6):702-06.
11. Cho YS, Kim KH. Botulinum toxin in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Journal of exercise rehabilitation 2016;12(6):624-31.
12. Jiang YH, Chen SF, Kuo HC. Frontiers in the Clinical Applications of Botulinum Toxin A as Treatment for Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction. International Neurourology Journal 2020;24(4):301-12.
13. Fried GW, Fried KM. Spinal cord injury and use of botulinum toxin in reducing spasticity. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics 2003;14(4):901-10.
14. Burchiel KJ, Hsu FP. Pain and spasticity after spinal cord injury: mechanisms and treatment. Spine 2001;26(24S):S146-60.
15. Elbasiouny SM, Moroz D, Bakr MM, et al. Management of Spasticity After Spinal Cord Injury: Current Techniques and Future Directions. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009;24(1):23–33.
16. Palazón-García R, Alcobendas-Maestro M, Esclarin-de Ruz A, et al. Treatment of spasticity in spinal cord injury with botulinum toxin. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2019;42(3):281-87.
17. Ma K, Zhu D, Zhang C, et al. Botulinum Toxin Type A Possibly Affects Cav3. 2 Calcium Channel Subunit in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Muscle Spasticity. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2020;14:3029-41.
18. Marciniak C, Rader L, Gagnon C. The use of botulinum toxin for spasticity after spinal cord injury. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation 2008;87(4):312-17.
19. Opara J, Hordyńska E, Swoboda A. Effectiveness of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of spasticity of the lower extremities in adults-preliminary report. Ortopedia, traumatologia, rehabilitacja 2007;9(3):277-85.
20. Linsenmeyer TA. Use of botulinum toxin in individuals with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: state of the art review. The journal of spinal cord medicine 2013;36(5):402-19.
21. Kuo HC. Therapeutic outcome and quality of life between urethral and detrusor botulinum toxin treatment for patients with spinal cord lesions and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. International journal of clinical practice 2013;67(10):1044-49.
22. Chen SF, Chang CH, Kuo HC. Effect of detrusor botulinum toxin an injection on urothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic spinal cord injury: a clinical and immunohistochemistry study before and after treatment. Spinal Cord 2016;54(10):889-94.
23. Chen H, Xie K, Jiang C. A single-blind randomized control trial of trigonal versus nontrigonal Botulinum toxin-A injections for patients with urinary incontinence and poor bladder compliance secondary to spinal cord injury. The journal of spinal cord medicine 2020:1-8.
24. Chen S., Bih LI, Chen GD, et al. Transrectal Ultrasound–Guided Transperineal Botulinum Toxin A Injection to the External Urethral Sphincter for Treatment of Detrusor External Sphincter Dyssynergia in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2010;91(3):340-44.
25. Jia C, Liao LM, Chen G, et al. Detrusor botulinum toxin A injection significantly decreased urinary tract infection in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2013;51(6):487-90.
26. Han ZA, Song DH, Oh HM, et al. Botulinum toxin type A for neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Annals of neurology 2016;79(4):569-78.
27. Ma L, Nagai J, Sekino Y, et al. Single Application of A2 NTX, a Botulinum Toxin A2 Subunit, Prevents Chronic Pain Over Long Periods in Both Diabetic and Spinal Cord Injury–Induced Neuropathic Pain Models. Journal of pharmacological sciences 2012;119(3):282-86
28. Li G, Lv CA, Tian L, et al. A randomized controlled trial of botulinum toxin A for treating neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Medicine 2017;96(20):e6919.
29. Han ZA, Song DH, Oh HM, et al. Botulinum toxin type A for neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Annals of neurology 2016;79(4):569-78.
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Published
2021-12-02
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