The effect of depression in hospitalization and rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury
Keywords:
SCI, depression, hospitalization, rehabilitationAbstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a rare condition, however its consequences might be devastating, since it affects patients’ physical function as well as psychological well-being. Therefore, it is not surprising for patients with SCI to develop mental health problems, such as depression and/or anxiety. Depressive symptoms include agitation, restlessness, fatigue, changes in appetite, helplessness, loss of interest as well as problems in sleeping. The presence of depression has been connected with extended length of hospitalization and development of secondary medical complications, as well as reduced quality of life (QOL) and self-efficacy. The purpose of this review is to investigate the existing literature to identify the effect of depression on hospitalization and rehabilitation in patients with SCI. From the 31 studies included in this paper, it is obvious that SCI patients with depression have longer periods of hospitalization and/or rehabilitation as well as worse functional outcomes. Moreover, it was shown that SCI individuals with depressive symptoms frequently develop other secondary medical complications which subsequently affect the length of stay and the rehabilitation outcomes. Acknowledging these facts can improve diagnosis and intervention, which may also improve the patient’s recovery outcome.
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References
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5. DeVivo, M.J., Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: trends and future implications. Spinal cord, 2012. 50(5): p. 365-372. https://www.nature.com/articles/sc2011178
6. Dijkers, M., Quality of life after spinal cord injury: a meta analysis of the effects of disablement components. Spinal cord, 1997. 35(12): p. 829-840. https://www.nature.com/articles/3100571.pdf?origin=ppub
7. Craig, A., Y. Tran, and J. Middleton, Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal cord, 2009. 47(2): p. 108-114. https://www.nature.com/articles/sc2008115/
8. Gerhart, K.A., et al., Long-term spinal cord injury: functional changes over time. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 1993. 74(10): p. 1030-1034. https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/0003-9993(93)90057-H/pdf
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10. Elliott, T.R. and R.G. Frank, Depression following spinal cord injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 1996. 77(8): p. 816-823. https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(96)90263-4/pdf
11. Anderson, K.D., et al., The impact of spinal cord injury on sexual function: concerns of the general population. Spinal cord, 2007. 45(5): p. 328-337. https://www.nature.com/articles/3101977
12. Williams, R. and A. Murray, Prevalence of depression after spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2015. 96(1): p. 133-140.
13. Tzanos, I.A., et al., Depressive mood in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Greece. Spinal cord, 2018. 56(9): p. 883-889. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elias_Panagiotopoulos/publication/324018866_Depressive_mood_in_individuals_with_spinal_cord_injury_SCI_living_in_Greece/links/5ee3628c299bf1faac4e8898/Depressive-mood-in-individuals-with-spinal-cord-injury-SCI-living-in-Greece.pdf
14. Wilder, E.I., Wheeling and dealing: Living with spinal cord injury. 2006: Vanderbilt University Press.
15. Krause, J.S., Adjustment after spinal cord injury: a 9-year longitudinal study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1997. 78(6): p. 651-657. https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(97)90432-9/pdf
16. Krause, J.S., et al., Risk of mortality after spinal cord injury: an 8-year prospective study. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2009. 90(10): p. 1708-1715. https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(09)00410-9/fulltext
17. Widerström-Noga, E.G., et al., Perceived difficulty in dealing with consequences of spinal cord injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 1999. 80(5): p. 580-586. https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(99)90203-4/pdf
18. Hancock, K., et al., Anxiety and depression over the first year of spinal cord injury: a longitudinal study. Spinal Cord, 1993. 31(6): p. 349-357. https://www.nature.com/articles/sc199359.pdf?origin=ppub
19. Craig, A., K. Hancock, and H. Dickson, A longitudinal investigation into anxiety and depression in the first 2 years following a spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 1994. 32(10): p. 675-679. https://www.nature.com/articles/sc1994109.pdf?origin=ppub
20. Cao, Y., et al., Posttraumatic stress disorder after spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation psychology, 2017. 62(2): p. 178. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yue_Cao7/publication/316529464_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_After_Spinal_Cord_Injury/links/59774f1ba6fdcc8348b186c8/Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder-After-Spinal-Cord-Injury.pdf
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22. Warren, A.M., et al., Posttraumatic stress symptoms among spinal cord injury patients in trauma: a brief report. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, 2016. 22(3): p. 203-208. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4981015/
23. Abdul-Sattar, A.B., Predictors of functional outcome in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury after inpatient rehabilitation: in Saudi Arabia. NeuroRehabilitation, 2014. 35(2): p. 341-347.
24. Post, M.W., et al., Duration and functional outcome of spinal cord injury rehabilitation in the Netherlands. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 2005. 42(3): p. 75. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lucas_Woude/publication/7569065_Duration_and_functional_outcome_of_spinal_cord_injury_rehabilitation_in_the_Netherlands/links/0912f50ec3f09bc569000000.pdf
25. Milicevic, S., et al., Predictors of Length of Stay in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury. Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin, 2015. 25(03): p. 136-140.
26. Malec, J. and R. Neimeyer, Psychologic prediction of duration of inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation and performance of self-care. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1983. 64(8): p. 359-363.
27. Aoki, T., T. Hosaka, and A. Ishida, Psychiatric evaluation of physical rehabilitation patients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 1995. 17(6): p. 440-443.
28. Arango-Lasprilla, J.C., et al., Factors predicting depression among persons with spinal cord injury 1 to 5 years post injury. NeuroRehabilitation, 2011. 29(1): p. 9-21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3729031/
29. Lawson, N., Significant events in the rehabilitation process: the spinal cord patient’s point of view. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1978. 59(12): p. 573-579.
30. Dijkers, M., Quality of life of individuals with spinal cord injury: a review of conceptualization, measurement, and research findings. https://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/05/42/3suppl1/dijkers.html
31. Chiong, Y. and P.A. Lim, Results from a prospective acute inpatient rehabilitation database: clinical characteristics and functional outcomes using the Functional Independence Measure. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 2007. 36: p. 3-10. http://annals.edu.sg/PDF/36VolNo1Jan2007/V36N1p3.pdf
32. Kennedy, P. and B.A. Rogers, Anxiety and depression after spinal cord injury: a longitudinal analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2000. 81(7): p. 932-937. https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(00)09689-1/fulltext
33. Munce, S.E., et al., Perceived facilitators and barriers to self-management in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury: a qualitative descriptive study. BMC neurology, 2014. 14(1): p. 48. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2377-14-48
34. Bombardier, C.H., et al., An exploration of modifiable risk factors for depression after spinal cord injury: which factors should we target? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2012. 93(5): p. 775-781. https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(12)00010-X/fulltext
35. Suzuki, R., et al., Understanding health outcomes: Physical secondary conditions in people with spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 2007. 52(3): p. 338.
36. Munce, S., et al., Impact of psychological characteristics in self-management in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal cord, 2016. 54(1): p. 29-33. https://www.nature.com/articles/sc201591
37. Fann, J.R., et al., Depression after spinal cord injury: comorbidities, mental health service use, and adequacy of treatment. Archives of Physical medicine and Rehabilitation, 2011. 92(3): p. 352-360. https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(10)00374-6/fulltext
38. Elliott, T.R., et al., Problem-solving appraisal and psychological adjustment following spinal cord injury. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1991. 15(5): p. 387-398.
39. Elliott, T.R., et al., Assertiveness, social support, and psychological adjustment following spinal cord injury. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1991. 29(5): p. 485-493. https://telliott.education.tamu.edu/sites/telliott.education.tamu.edu/files/documents/Elliott%20Herrik%20Patti%20et%20al.%20BRT%201991.pdf
40. Fuhrer, M.J., et al., Depressive symptomatology in persons with spinal cord injury who reside in the community. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1993. 74(3): p. 255-260. https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/0003-9993(93)90133-U/pdf
41. Shin, J.C., et al., Depression and quality of life in patients within the first 6 months after the spinal cord injury. Annals of rehabilitation medicine, 2012. 36(1): p. 119. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309324/
42. Shavelle, R.M., et al., Long-term survival of persons ventilator dependent after spinal cord injury. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 2006. 29(5): p. 511-519. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1949034/
43. Sipski, M.L. and J.S. Richards, Spinal cord injury rehabilitation: state of the science. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2006. 85(4): p. 310-342. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marcalee_Sipski/publication/7223915_Spinal_Cord_Injury_Rehabilitation/links/5a8df6b0aca272c56bc4075c/Spinal-Cord-Injury-Rehabilitation.pdf
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