Treatment of radiocarpal dislocations or fracture-dislocations based on a new classification scheme
Keywords:
Wrist, Radiocarpal, Dislocation, Classification, Pathological Anatomy
Abstract
Radiocarpal fracture-dislocations are the most debatable of carpal dislocations. The term radiocarpal fracture-dislocations has been used incorrectly for many previously reported cases. Thus, many questions arise concerning their incidence, terminology and classification. In this review, an attempt is made to determine the criteria based on which an injury can be classified as radiocarpal fracture-dislocation. Additionally, the surgical treatment of radiocarpal fracture-dislocations with combined access, allows for a relatively accurate description of osteoligamentous injuries, both on the palmar and on the dorsal side of the wrist. Four types of injuries in the dorsal and two types of injuries in the palmar dislocations are portrayed. Furthermore, a new classification is proposed based on five parameters: those of chronicity, pathoanatomy, direction, associated injuries and complexity.
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References
1. Bilos ZJ, Pankovich AM, Yelda S Fracture-dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977, 59:198-203
2. Moneim MS, Bolger JT, Omer GE Radiocarpal dislocation--classification and rationale for management. Clin Orthop 1985, 192:199-209
3. Bellinghausen HW, Gilula LA, Young LV et al Post-traumatic palmar carpal subluxation. Report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1983, 65:998-1006
4. Le Nen D, Riot O, Caro P et al Luxation-fractures of the radiocarpal joint. Clinical study of 6 cases and general review. (In French) Ann Chir Main Memb Super 1991, 10:1::5-12
5. Mourikis A, Rebello G, Villafuente J et al Radiocarpal dislocations: Review of the literature with case presentations and a proposed treatment algorithm. Orthopedics 2008 31:386 DOI:10.3928/01477447-20080401-24
6. Naranja RJ, Bozentka DJ, Partington MT et al Radiocarpal dislocation: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Am J Orthop 1998, 27:2:141-144
7. Schoenecker PL, Gilula LA, Shively RA et al Radiocarpal fracture-dislocation. Clin Orthop 1985, 197:237-244
8. Apergis E, Dimitrakopoulos K, Chorianopoulos K Late management of post-traumatic palmar carpal subluxation: A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996, 78:419-421
9. Arslan H, Tokmak M Isolated ulnar radiocarpal dislocation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2002, 122:179–181 DOI:10.1007/s00402-001-0366-3
10. Ayekoloye CI, Shah N, Kumar A et al Irreducible dorsal radiocarpal fracture dislocation with dissociation of the distal radioulnar joint: a case report. Acta Orthop Belg 2002, 68:2:171-174
11. Dodd C.A. Triple dislocation in the upper limb. Journal of Trauma 1987, 27:11:1307.
12. Fehring TK, Milek MA Isolated volar dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984, 66:464-466
13. Fennell CW, McMurtry RY, Fairbanks CJ Multidirectional radiocarpal dislocation without fracture: A case report. J Hand Surg [Am] 1992, 17:756-761
14. Fernandez DL Irreducible radiocarpal fracture-dislocation and radioulnar dissociation with entrapment of the ulnar nerve, artery and flexor profundus II-V-case report. J Hand Surg [Am] 1981, 6:456-461
15. Freeland A, Ferguson CA, McCraney WO Palmar radiocarpal dislocation resulting in ulnar radiocarpal translocation and multidirectional instability. Orthopedics 2006, 29:7:604-608, DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20060701-08
16. Freund LG, Ovesen J Isolated dorsal dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977, 59:277
17. Hardy P, Welby F, Stromboni M et al Wrist arthroscopy and dislocation of the radiocarpal joint without fracture. Arthroscopy 1999, 15:7:779–783
18. Howard RF, Slawski DP, Gilula LA Isolated palmar radiocarpal dislocation and ulnar translocation: a case report and review of the literature J Hand Surg [Am] 1997, 22:1:78-82
19. Jebson PJL, Adams BD, Meletiou SD Ulnar translocation instability of the carpus after a dorsal radiocarpal dislocation; a case report. Am J Orthop 2000, 29:6:462-464
20. Matthews MG Radiocarpal dislocation with associated avulsion of the radial styloid and fracture of the shaft of the ulna. Injury 1987, 18:70-71
21. Moore DP, McMahon BA Anterior radio-carpal dislocation: an isolated injury. J Hand Surg [Br] 1988, 13:215-217
22. Penny WH III, Green TL Volar radiocarpal dislocation with ulnar translocation. J Orthop Trauma 1988, 2:322-326
23. Reynolds ISR Dorsal carpal dislocation. Injury 1980, 12:48-49
24. Tanzer TL, Horne JG Dorsal radiocarpal fracture dislocation. J Trauma 1980, 20:999-1000
25. Thomsen S, Falstie-Jensen S Palmar dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. J Hand Surg [Am] 1989, 14:627-630
26. Varodompun N, Limpivest P, Prinyaroj P Isolated dorsal radiocarpal dislocation: case report and literature review. J Hand Surg [Am] 1985, 10:708-710
27. Nyquist SR, Stern PJ Open radiocarpal fracture-dislocations. J Hand Surg [Am] 1984, 9:707-710
28. Mudgal CS, Psenica J, Jupiter JB Radiocarpal fracture-dislocation. J Hand Surg [Br] 1999, 24:92-98
29. Girard J, Cassagnaud X, Maynou C et al Radiocarpal dislocation: Twelve cases and a review of the literature. Rev Chir Orthop 2004, 90:426-433 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-1040(04)70169-5
30. Dumontier C, Meyer zu Reckendorf G, Sautet A et al Radiocarpal dislocations: Classification and proposal for treatment (a review of twenty-seven cases). J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001, 83:212-218 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200102000-00008
31. Taleisnik J The Wrist. Churchill Livingstone, New York Edinburgh London Melbourne 1985
32. Kapandji IA Etude du carpe au scanner a trois dimensions sous contraintes de pronosupination. Ann Chir Main 1991, 10:36-47
33. Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB, Ghillani R Radiocarpal fracture-dislocation. In: Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB (eds) Fractures of the distal radius. A practical approach to management, ed 2. Springer, Ch 8, 2002, pp 253-264
34. Ilyas A, Mudgal C, Jupiter J Volar rim and Barton’s fracture. In: Slutsky DJ, Osterman AL (eds) Fractures and injuries to the distal radius and carpus. Saunders Elsevier, ch 14, 2009, pp 157-163
35. Sivan M, Davies N, Archibald C et al An unusual combination of radiocarpal fracture dislocation, scaphoid fracture and posteromedial elbow dislocation. Injury Extra 2005, 36:312-315. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2004.12.057
36. Watanabe K, Nishikimi J Transstyloid radiocarpal dislocation. Hand Surg 2001, 6:1:113-120
37. Ilyas A, Mudgal C Radiocarpal Fracture-dislocations. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008,16:647- 655 DOI: 10.5435/00124635-200811000-00005
38. Graham TJ The inferior arc injury: an addition to the family of complex carpal fracture-dislocation patterns. Am J Orthop 2003, 32:9:10-19
39. Oberladstätter J, Arora R, Dallapozza C et al Radiological radio-carpal and mid-carpal motion after operative treatment of dorsal radio-carpal fracture dislocations. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2010, 130:77-81, DOI: 10.1007/s00402-009-0902-0
40. Cohen MS, McMurtry RY, Jupiter JB Fractures of the distal radius. In: Browner BD, Jupiter JB, Levine AM, Trafton PG (eds) Skeletal Trauma, ed 2. WB Saunders, 1998, Philadelphia, pp 1385
41. Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB Articular marginal shearing fractures. In: Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB (eds) Fractures of the distal radius. A practical approach to management, ed 2. Springer, Ch 6, 2002, pp 188-212
42. King RE Barton’s enigma. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1959, 41:753-769
43. Lozano-Calderón SA, Doornberg J, Ring D Fractures of the dorsal articular margin of the distal part of the radius with dorsal radiocarpal subluxation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006, 88:7:1486-1493 DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.E.00930
44. Idler RS Carpal dislocations and instability. In: Watson HK, Weinzweig J (eds) The Wrist, vol 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, pp 203-229
45. Weiss C, Laskin RS, Spinner M Irreducible radiocarpal dislocation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1970, 52:562-564
46. Stoffelen D, Fortems Y, De Smet L et al Dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint associated with a transstyloid radiocarpal fracture dislocation a case report and review of the literature. Acta Orthop Belg 199, 662:2:52-55
47. Campbell DA Ulnar head and styloid fractures. In: Slutsky DJ, Osterman AL (eds) Fractures and injuries to the distal radius and carpus. The cutting edge. Saunders, Ch 28, 2009, pp 297-308
48. Gabl M, Lener M, Pechlaner S Destabilization of the discus articularis with rupture of the ulnar styloid apex in distal radius fracture. Diagnosis with dynamic MR. Unfallchirurgie 1993, 19:108
49. Lindau T, Adlercreutz C, Aspenberg P Peripheral tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex cause distal radioulnar joint instability after distal radial fractures. J Hand Surg [Am] 2000, 25:3:464-468
50. Souer JS, Ring D, Matschke S et al Effect of an unrepaired fracture of the ulnar styloid base on outcome after plate-and-screw fixation of a distal radial fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009, 91:4:830–838 DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.H.00345
51. May MM, Lawton JN, Blazar PE Ulnar styloid fractures associated with distal radius fractures: incidence and implications for distal radioulnar joint instability. J Hand Surg [Am] 2002, 27:6:965–971 DOI: 10.1053/jhsu.2002.36525
52. Bozentka DJ, Beredjiklian PK Classification of radiocarpal dislocations and appropriate treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001, 83:10:1587-1588
53. Hofmeister EP, Fitzgerald BT, Thomson MA et al Surgical reconstruction of a late-presenting volar radiocarpal dislocation: a case report. Am J Orthop 2008, 37:2:96-99
54. Takase K, Yamamoto K, Yoshino S et al Palmar dislocation of the radio-carpal joint: A case report. J Orthop Surg 2004, 12:2:258-262
55. Antuna SA, Mendez JG, Paz Jimenez J Displaced radiocarpal dislocation with multiple associated fractures. Acta Orthop Belg 1994, 60:430-431
56. Rosado AP A possible relationship of radiocarpal dislocation and dislocation of the lunate bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1966, 48:504-506
57. Lourie JA An unusual dislocation of the lunate and the wrist. J Trauma 1982, 22:966-967
58. Rayhack JM, Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH et al Posttraumatic ulnar translation of the carpus. J Hand Surg [Am] 1987, 12:180-189
59. Lipton HA, Jupiter J Open reduction and internal fixation of distal radius fractures. In: Watson HK, Weinzweig J (eds) The wrist. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001 pp 333-335
60. Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB Fracture of the distal end of the radius: A historical perspective. In: Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB (eds) Fractures of the distal radius. A practical approach to management, ed 2. Springer, 2002, Ch 1, pp 1-22
61. Berger RA, Weiss AP Hand Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004
62. Cooney WP, Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH The Wrist. Diagnosis and operative treatment. Mosby, Mayo Clinic Division of Hand Surgery 1998.
63. Watson HK, Weinzeig J The Wrist. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2001
64. Chin KR, Jupiter JB Wire-loop fixation of volar displaced osteochondral fractures of the distal radius. J Hand Surg [Am] 1999, 24:525–533
65. Maschke S, Means KR, Parks BG et al A radiocarpal ligament reconstruction using brachioradialis for secondary ulnar translation of the carpus following radiocarpal dislocation: a cadaver study. J Hand Surg [Am] 2010, 35:2:256-261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.10.011
66. Obafemi A, Pensy R Palmar radiocarpal dislocation: a case report and novel treatment method. Hand 2012, 7:114-118 DOI: 10.1007/s11552-011-9374-0
67. Schweitzer G Radiocarpal fracture-dislocation [letter]. Clin Orthop 1987, 216:298-299
68. Dobyns JH, Linscheid RL, Chao EYS et al Traumatic instability of the wrist. In: AAOS Instructional Course Lectures Vol. 24. CV Mosby: St Louis, 1975, pp 182-199
69. Kamal RN, Bariteau JT, Beutel BG et al Arthroscopic reduction and percutaneous pinning of a radiocarpal dislocation. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2011, 93:15:1-5 DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.J.01306
70. Berschback JC, Kalainov DM, Husain SN et al Traumatic ulnar translocation of the carpus: early recognition and treatment. J Hand Surg [Eur] 2012, 37:8:755-764 DOI: 10.1177/1753193412436626
71. Mulier T, Reynders P, Broos P et al Posttraumatic ulnar translation of the carpus. Acta Orthop Scand 1992, 63:1:102-103
72. Schernberg F Ulnar translation of the carpus: a rare type of wrist instability. In: Buchler U (ed) Wrist instability. Martin Dunitz 1996, Ch 23, pp 175-179
73. Garcia-Elias M Carpal instabilities and dislocations. In: Green DP, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC (eds) Green’s Operative Hand Surgery, vol 1. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1999, ch. 28, pp 865-928
74. Chamay A, Della Santa D, Vilaseca A Radiolunate arthrodesis. Factor of stability for the rheumatoid wrist. Ann Chir Main 1983, 2:5–17
75. DiBenedetto MR, Lubbers LM, Coleman CR A standardized measurement of ulnar carpal translocation. J Hand Surg [Am] 1990, 15:1009–1010
76. McMurtry RY, Youm Y, Flatt AE et al Kinematics of the wrist. II. Clinical applications. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978, 60:955–961
77. Bouman HW, Messer E, Sennwald G Measurement of ulnar translation and carpal height. J Hand Surg [Br] 1994, 19:325–329
78. Gilula LA, Weeks PM Post-traumatic ligamentous instabilities of the wrist Radiology 1978, 129:641–651
79. Schuind FA, Linscheid RL, An KN et al A normal data base of posteroanterior roentgenographic measurements of the wrist. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992, 74:1418–1429
2. Moneim MS, Bolger JT, Omer GE Radiocarpal dislocation--classification and rationale for management. Clin Orthop 1985, 192:199-209
3. Bellinghausen HW, Gilula LA, Young LV et al Post-traumatic palmar carpal subluxation. Report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1983, 65:998-1006
4. Le Nen D, Riot O, Caro P et al Luxation-fractures of the radiocarpal joint. Clinical study of 6 cases and general review. (In French) Ann Chir Main Memb Super 1991, 10:1::5-12
5. Mourikis A, Rebello G, Villafuente J et al Radiocarpal dislocations: Review of the literature with case presentations and a proposed treatment algorithm. Orthopedics 2008 31:386 DOI:10.3928/01477447-20080401-24
6. Naranja RJ, Bozentka DJ, Partington MT et al Radiocarpal dislocation: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Am J Orthop 1998, 27:2:141-144
7. Schoenecker PL, Gilula LA, Shively RA et al Radiocarpal fracture-dislocation. Clin Orthop 1985, 197:237-244
8. Apergis E, Dimitrakopoulos K, Chorianopoulos K Late management of post-traumatic palmar carpal subluxation: A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996, 78:419-421
9. Arslan H, Tokmak M Isolated ulnar radiocarpal dislocation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2002, 122:179–181 DOI:10.1007/s00402-001-0366-3
10. Ayekoloye CI, Shah N, Kumar A et al Irreducible dorsal radiocarpal fracture dislocation with dissociation of the distal radioulnar joint: a case report. Acta Orthop Belg 2002, 68:2:171-174
11. Dodd C.A. Triple dislocation in the upper limb. Journal of Trauma 1987, 27:11:1307.
12. Fehring TK, Milek MA Isolated volar dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984, 66:464-466
13. Fennell CW, McMurtry RY, Fairbanks CJ Multidirectional radiocarpal dislocation without fracture: A case report. J Hand Surg [Am] 1992, 17:756-761
14. Fernandez DL Irreducible radiocarpal fracture-dislocation and radioulnar dissociation with entrapment of the ulnar nerve, artery and flexor profundus II-V-case report. J Hand Surg [Am] 1981, 6:456-461
15. Freeland A, Ferguson CA, McCraney WO Palmar radiocarpal dislocation resulting in ulnar radiocarpal translocation and multidirectional instability. Orthopedics 2006, 29:7:604-608, DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20060701-08
16. Freund LG, Ovesen J Isolated dorsal dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977, 59:277
17. Hardy P, Welby F, Stromboni M et al Wrist arthroscopy and dislocation of the radiocarpal joint without fracture. Arthroscopy 1999, 15:7:779–783
18. Howard RF, Slawski DP, Gilula LA Isolated palmar radiocarpal dislocation and ulnar translocation: a case report and review of the literature J Hand Surg [Am] 1997, 22:1:78-82
19. Jebson PJL, Adams BD, Meletiou SD Ulnar translocation instability of the carpus after a dorsal radiocarpal dislocation; a case report. Am J Orthop 2000, 29:6:462-464
20. Matthews MG Radiocarpal dislocation with associated avulsion of the radial styloid and fracture of the shaft of the ulna. Injury 1987, 18:70-71
21. Moore DP, McMahon BA Anterior radio-carpal dislocation: an isolated injury. J Hand Surg [Br] 1988, 13:215-217
22. Penny WH III, Green TL Volar radiocarpal dislocation with ulnar translocation. J Orthop Trauma 1988, 2:322-326
23. Reynolds ISR Dorsal carpal dislocation. Injury 1980, 12:48-49
24. Tanzer TL, Horne JG Dorsal radiocarpal fracture dislocation. J Trauma 1980, 20:999-1000
25. Thomsen S, Falstie-Jensen S Palmar dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. J Hand Surg [Am] 1989, 14:627-630
26. Varodompun N, Limpivest P, Prinyaroj P Isolated dorsal radiocarpal dislocation: case report and literature review. J Hand Surg [Am] 1985, 10:708-710
27. Nyquist SR, Stern PJ Open radiocarpal fracture-dislocations. J Hand Surg [Am] 1984, 9:707-710
28. Mudgal CS, Psenica J, Jupiter JB Radiocarpal fracture-dislocation. J Hand Surg [Br] 1999, 24:92-98
29. Girard J, Cassagnaud X, Maynou C et al Radiocarpal dislocation: Twelve cases and a review of the literature. Rev Chir Orthop 2004, 90:426-433 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-1040(04)70169-5
30. Dumontier C, Meyer zu Reckendorf G, Sautet A et al Radiocarpal dislocations: Classification and proposal for treatment (a review of twenty-seven cases). J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001, 83:212-218 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200102000-00008
31. Taleisnik J The Wrist. Churchill Livingstone, New York Edinburgh London Melbourne 1985
32. Kapandji IA Etude du carpe au scanner a trois dimensions sous contraintes de pronosupination. Ann Chir Main 1991, 10:36-47
33. Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB, Ghillani R Radiocarpal fracture-dislocation. In: Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB (eds) Fractures of the distal radius. A practical approach to management, ed 2. Springer, Ch 8, 2002, pp 253-264
34. Ilyas A, Mudgal C, Jupiter J Volar rim and Barton’s fracture. In: Slutsky DJ, Osterman AL (eds) Fractures and injuries to the distal radius and carpus. Saunders Elsevier, ch 14, 2009, pp 157-163
35. Sivan M, Davies N, Archibald C et al An unusual combination of radiocarpal fracture dislocation, scaphoid fracture and posteromedial elbow dislocation. Injury Extra 2005, 36:312-315. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2004.12.057
36. Watanabe K, Nishikimi J Transstyloid radiocarpal dislocation. Hand Surg 2001, 6:1:113-120
37. Ilyas A, Mudgal C Radiocarpal Fracture-dislocations. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008,16:647- 655 DOI: 10.5435/00124635-200811000-00005
38. Graham TJ The inferior arc injury: an addition to the family of complex carpal fracture-dislocation patterns. Am J Orthop 2003, 32:9:10-19
39. Oberladstätter J, Arora R, Dallapozza C et al Radiological radio-carpal and mid-carpal motion after operative treatment of dorsal radio-carpal fracture dislocations. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2010, 130:77-81, DOI: 10.1007/s00402-009-0902-0
40. Cohen MS, McMurtry RY, Jupiter JB Fractures of the distal radius. In: Browner BD, Jupiter JB, Levine AM, Trafton PG (eds) Skeletal Trauma, ed 2. WB Saunders, 1998, Philadelphia, pp 1385
41. Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB Articular marginal shearing fractures. In: Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB (eds) Fractures of the distal radius. A practical approach to management, ed 2. Springer, Ch 6, 2002, pp 188-212
42. King RE Barton’s enigma. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1959, 41:753-769
43. Lozano-Calderón SA, Doornberg J, Ring D Fractures of the dorsal articular margin of the distal part of the radius with dorsal radiocarpal subluxation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006, 88:7:1486-1493 DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.E.00930
44. Idler RS Carpal dislocations and instability. In: Watson HK, Weinzweig J (eds) The Wrist, vol 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, pp 203-229
45. Weiss C, Laskin RS, Spinner M Irreducible radiocarpal dislocation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1970, 52:562-564
46. Stoffelen D, Fortems Y, De Smet L et al Dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint associated with a transstyloid radiocarpal fracture dislocation a case report and review of the literature. Acta Orthop Belg 199, 662:2:52-55
47. Campbell DA Ulnar head and styloid fractures. In: Slutsky DJ, Osterman AL (eds) Fractures and injuries to the distal radius and carpus. The cutting edge. Saunders, Ch 28, 2009, pp 297-308
48. Gabl M, Lener M, Pechlaner S Destabilization of the discus articularis with rupture of the ulnar styloid apex in distal radius fracture. Diagnosis with dynamic MR. Unfallchirurgie 1993, 19:108
49. Lindau T, Adlercreutz C, Aspenberg P Peripheral tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex cause distal radioulnar joint instability after distal radial fractures. J Hand Surg [Am] 2000, 25:3:464-468
50. Souer JS, Ring D, Matschke S et al Effect of an unrepaired fracture of the ulnar styloid base on outcome after plate-and-screw fixation of a distal radial fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009, 91:4:830–838 DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.H.00345
51. May MM, Lawton JN, Blazar PE Ulnar styloid fractures associated with distal radius fractures: incidence and implications for distal radioulnar joint instability. J Hand Surg [Am] 2002, 27:6:965–971 DOI: 10.1053/jhsu.2002.36525
52. Bozentka DJ, Beredjiklian PK Classification of radiocarpal dislocations and appropriate treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001, 83:10:1587-1588
53. Hofmeister EP, Fitzgerald BT, Thomson MA et al Surgical reconstruction of a late-presenting volar radiocarpal dislocation: a case report. Am J Orthop 2008, 37:2:96-99
54. Takase K, Yamamoto K, Yoshino S et al Palmar dislocation of the radio-carpal joint: A case report. J Orthop Surg 2004, 12:2:258-262
55. Antuna SA, Mendez JG, Paz Jimenez J Displaced radiocarpal dislocation with multiple associated fractures. Acta Orthop Belg 1994, 60:430-431
56. Rosado AP A possible relationship of radiocarpal dislocation and dislocation of the lunate bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1966, 48:504-506
57. Lourie JA An unusual dislocation of the lunate and the wrist. J Trauma 1982, 22:966-967
58. Rayhack JM, Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH et al Posttraumatic ulnar translation of the carpus. J Hand Surg [Am] 1987, 12:180-189
59. Lipton HA, Jupiter J Open reduction and internal fixation of distal radius fractures. In: Watson HK, Weinzweig J (eds) The wrist. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001 pp 333-335
60. Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB Fracture of the distal end of the radius: A historical perspective. In: Fernandez DL, Jupiter JB (eds) Fractures of the distal radius. A practical approach to management, ed 2. Springer, 2002, Ch 1, pp 1-22
61. Berger RA, Weiss AP Hand Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004
62. Cooney WP, Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH The Wrist. Diagnosis and operative treatment. Mosby, Mayo Clinic Division of Hand Surgery 1998.
63. Watson HK, Weinzeig J The Wrist. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2001
64. Chin KR, Jupiter JB Wire-loop fixation of volar displaced osteochondral fractures of the distal radius. J Hand Surg [Am] 1999, 24:525–533
65. Maschke S, Means KR, Parks BG et al A radiocarpal ligament reconstruction using brachioradialis for secondary ulnar translation of the carpus following radiocarpal dislocation: a cadaver study. J Hand Surg [Am] 2010, 35:2:256-261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.10.011
66. Obafemi A, Pensy R Palmar radiocarpal dislocation: a case report and novel treatment method. Hand 2012, 7:114-118 DOI: 10.1007/s11552-011-9374-0
67. Schweitzer G Radiocarpal fracture-dislocation [letter]. Clin Orthop 1987, 216:298-299
68. Dobyns JH, Linscheid RL, Chao EYS et al Traumatic instability of the wrist. In: AAOS Instructional Course Lectures Vol. 24. CV Mosby: St Louis, 1975, pp 182-199
69. Kamal RN, Bariteau JT, Beutel BG et al Arthroscopic reduction and percutaneous pinning of a radiocarpal dislocation. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2011, 93:15:1-5 DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.J.01306
70. Berschback JC, Kalainov DM, Husain SN et al Traumatic ulnar translocation of the carpus: early recognition and treatment. J Hand Surg [Eur] 2012, 37:8:755-764 DOI: 10.1177/1753193412436626
71. Mulier T, Reynders P, Broos P et al Posttraumatic ulnar translation of the carpus. Acta Orthop Scand 1992, 63:1:102-103
72. Schernberg F Ulnar translation of the carpus: a rare type of wrist instability. In: Buchler U (ed) Wrist instability. Martin Dunitz 1996, Ch 23, pp 175-179
73. Garcia-Elias M Carpal instabilities and dislocations. In: Green DP, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC (eds) Green’s Operative Hand Surgery, vol 1. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1999, ch. 28, pp 865-928
74. Chamay A, Della Santa D, Vilaseca A Radiolunate arthrodesis. Factor of stability for the rheumatoid wrist. Ann Chir Main 1983, 2:5–17
75. DiBenedetto MR, Lubbers LM, Coleman CR A standardized measurement of ulnar carpal translocation. J Hand Surg [Am] 1990, 15:1009–1010
76. McMurtry RY, Youm Y, Flatt AE et al Kinematics of the wrist. II. Clinical applications. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978, 60:955–961
77. Bouman HW, Messer E, Sennwald G Measurement of ulnar translation and carpal height. J Hand Surg [Br] 1994, 19:325–329
78. Gilula LA, Weeks PM Post-traumatic ligamentous instabilities of the wrist Radiology 1978, 129:641–651
79. Schuind FA, Linscheid RL, An KN et al A normal data base of posteroanterior roentgenographic measurements of the wrist. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992, 74:1418–1429
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