Concept of exosome therapy as a treatment for sports injuries to ligaments in the field of orthopaedics: a brief review

Abstract

Exosome therapy has emerged as a promising treatment option for sports-related ligament injuries within the field of orthopaedics. Ligament injuries, commonly sustained during physical activities involving rapid or high-impact movements such as running, jumping, or twisting, can lead to pain, swelling, and limited joint mobility. These injuries, if not appropriately managed, can result in long-term functional impairment. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles rich in proteins, RNA, and growth factors, play a crucial role in cellular communication and tissue regeneration. This study explores the potential of exosome therapy to enhance ligament healing by modulating inflammatory responses, stimulating fibroblast proliferation, and promoting angiogenesis. These mechanisms work synergistically to accelerate tissue repair and improve the biomechanical strength of ligaments, making exosome therapy a more effective treatment option compared to conventional approaches. Unlike traditional stem cell therapy, exosome therapy does not carry the same high immunogenic risks and technical challenges. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the ability of exosomes to reduce inflammation, prevent fibrosis, and improve ligament regeneration. Moreover, exosome therapy can be combined with biomaterials like hydrogels to optimize stability and retention at the injury site, further enhancing its therapeutic potential. Despite promising results in preclinical trials, further research is required to determine optimal dosages, delivery methods, and long-term safety profiles. This review aims to provide insights into the concept of exosome therapy and its potential as a novel, low-risk, and effective treatment for ligament injuries in orthopaedic practice.